tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26005702181528153832024-03-16T08:08:31.486+01:00Equal rights for women worldwideEqual rights for women worldwideHortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.comBlogger1025125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-31052347616361298952022-03-23T11:49:00.003+01:002022-03-23T11:49:00.209+01:00Gender-differentiated climate, environmental and disaster impacts 2/<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5KHKI3mcfmyGT3N8Um7OtuuQNt4UzXX6Mr9SUO3gPtUUIB01STe_iFw1sOmTjLQ1OQ9YdlGyTOqoU-HUkQziblSwFv8Yd1UAwJ0BKIWCBxEbARvUmY_OR-2kfv0QDTWKrzPsbxIe6w7C37GVRDhWf9OORHyQC13VKk0xBdZbKaP0e6d_x6a26DS7f/s1257/66csw2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="1257" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5KHKI3mcfmyGT3N8Um7OtuuQNt4UzXX6Mr9SUO3gPtUUIB01STe_iFw1sOmTjLQ1OQ9YdlGyTOqoU-HUkQziblSwFv8Yd1UAwJ0BKIWCBxEbARvUmY_OR-2kfv0QDTWKrzPsbxIe6w7C37GVRDhWf9OORHyQC13VKk0xBdZbKaP0e6d_x6a26DS7f/w640-h326/66csw2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The twenty-first century constellation of economic, environmental and climate crises is largely
attributable to the historic patterns of unsustainable production, consumption and land use,
exploitation of marine, coastal and terrestrial resources, wealth accumulation and the destructive
dependency on fossil fuels. These patterns were initiated by industrialized countries, whereas the
impacts are more acutely felt by the less affluent nations. These unsustainable patterns are at the root
of many inequalities, including gender inequalities. Scientific projections on rising average global
temperatures mean that ecosystems and people’s interaction with them will suffer permanent
changes even if global emission reduction targets are met.1 Those least responsible for climate change
are most adversely affected by it and women and girls in poor countries disproportionately so. While
the impacts of COVID-19 were expected to lead to 150 million more extreme poor, climate change
and climate related disasters are expected to push an additional 132 million people into extreme
poverty by 2030 – unless profound and targeted climate action is taken and folded into pandemic
response and recovery measures.2 </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Human actions are resulting in a disastrous loss of biodiversity and endangering the earth’s
interconnected ecosystems, human life, settlements, sources of food, clean water and air, and
demolishing natural defences against extreme weather and disasters. Globally, indigenous peoples,
local communities, the rural and urban poor, and women and girls – who are the most affected by land and resource tenure insecurity and environmental degradation – disproportionately suffer the
effects of biodiversity loss.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Climate and environmental impacts on the earth’s oceans are equally or more acute. Oceans have
absorbed more than 90 percent of excess heat from global warming and absorb around 30 percent of
human-induced carbon dioxide emissions, leading to species extinction and disruptions of marine
ecosystems as well as people’s livelihoods that depend on them.3 An ecosystem approach to
mitigation and adaptation initiatives involves the conservation and restoration of coastal and marine
ecosystems, including mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses. In addition to restoring ocean
biodiversity, the protection of marine areas is motivated by the fact that oceansserve as major carbon
sinks; marine ecosystems provide protection against storm surges and sea level rise as well as the
resources that sustain communities in coastal and marine areas, particularly women from different
marginalized groups, including indigenous peoples, and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Therefore, all environmental efforts must take into account the commercialization of oceans,
plundering of natural resources, pollution, global wealth inequalities, and the striking gaps in ocean
governance, with different legal instruments governing different uses of the ocean (shipping, fisheries,
deep sea mining, etc.), in addition to the impacts of neoliberal economic policies, binding free trade
and investment agreements, and corporate capture of the blue economy. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/CSW66%20EGM%20report_final.pdf" style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/CSW66%20EGM%20report_final.pdf</a></span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-79692735464670648572022-03-21T11:48:00.001+01:002022-03-21T11:48:25.086+01:00Report of the Expert Group Sixty-sixth session of the Commission on the Status of Women 1/<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMzXZtq9QZRs9WBJ5jYl--b3RqIGSo0qBOCfdZrCqUB7mkywPWIEBN6CgQn_AyCAd7sHF6k7LBZgMrS_izjpXIt5Bgl9PrzvDbMff_-nzx7VnbQ-2Ir5rbGp17_pxLihzC4y0GvDyzDB3EkAeR1KCZyCXOKjXpILA_2UlpOPczg-OnN1ld8dSK-pH4/s1486/66csw.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="1486" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMzXZtq9QZRs9WBJ5jYl--b3RqIGSo0qBOCfdZrCqUB7mkywPWIEBN6CgQn_AyCAd7sHF6k7LBZgMrS_izjpXIt5Bgl9PrzvDbMff_-nzx7VnbQ-2Ir5rbGp17_pxLihzC4y0GvDyzDB3EkAeR1KCZyCXOKjXpILA_2UlpOPczg-OnN1ld8dSK-pH4/w640-h328/66csw.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Expert Group Meeting (EGM) in preparation for the sixty-sixth session of the Commission on the
Status of Women (CSW) considered the priority theme of “Achieving gender equality and the
empowerment of all women and girls in the context of climate change, environmental and disaster
risk reduction policies and programmes.” The theme is of critical significance and timeliness given the
entrenchment of gender inequalities as consequence of intensifying and interlinked crises – climate
change, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, pollution, disasters and zoonotic pandemics
such as COVID-19 – and the concomitant marginalization of the voice, agency, participation and
leadership of women, girls and gender diverse people and their movements from policy, governance,
and decision-making processes and responses to these global challenges.
The Expert Group discussed the evolving normative frameworks and bodies of international, regional,
national and local laws, policies, research, and practices related to the priority theme, and examined
the extent to which gender has been integrated into key approaches to climate change, environment
and disaster risk reduction. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Expert Group highlighted that the plethora of new and emerging terms
and approaches in this broad arena – nature-based solutions, green economy, blue economy, green
jobs, climate-smart agriculture, co-benefits, among others – merit further discussion. They may mask
business-as-usual unsustainable practices or, without adherence to human rights-based, gender responsive and socially inclusive standards and safeguards, may sidestep or ignore the knowledge and
practices of women and marginalized groups across generations for the conservation and sustainable
use of natural resources. The EGM called for careful analysis of such approaches and practices and
affirmed human rights-based and gender-transformative strategies. These strategies should seek to
target the intertwined root causes of climate and environmental crises and gender inequalities, while
ensuring those most affected are involved in the design and implementation of responses and
solutions and equal sharing of benefits.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/CSW66%20EGM%20report_final.pdf">https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/CSW66%20EGM%20report_final.pdf</a></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-84410925281855200792021-10-25T12:42:00.001+02:002021-10-25T12:42:30.294+02:00USA - CHILD CARE & WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE STATISTICS - 2021<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrz63L0zr7NUBsSaiWie0FCthJ_QyljFx14drpeqdQc9uQDrYndl5lgqUz5crq4bZKLVYVCk8hIer_wb-y4pVUC_ccMJg9_ULQIxkh9Uz81ZPCNZVGr1bamCBkBkhjBj8efICaBXpJWcQ/s1545/child+care.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="1545" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrz63L0zr7NUBsSaiWie0FCthJ_QyljFx14drpeqdQc9uQDrYndl5lgqUz5crq4bZKLVYVCk8hIer_wb-y4pVUC_ccMJg9_ULQIxkh9Uz81ZPCNZVGr1bamCBkBkhjBj8efICaBXpJWcQ/w640-h272/child+care.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;">By <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/us-child-care-availability-statistics/%23author&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHWyV2hkGMRYcIuIdGXi4lFZLD-wg" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/us-child-care-availability-statistics/#author" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee; text-decoration-line: none;">Chris Kolmar</span></a> - Sep. 15, 2021<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Research Summary.</span></b><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Across the United States, child care accessibility places a large burden on the economy and the labor force. Now, closures and mandates brought on by the global pandemic are causing increased hardship when it comes to finding quality child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Annual economic losses because of child care translate to $6.9 billion in lost tax revenue, $12.7 billion in lost <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/business-major/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNEY-YchbD0YzdlW8AvNkCsIjMUR8w" href="https://www.zippia.com/business-major/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">business</span></a> revenue, and <b>$36.9 billion in lost individual earnings</b>.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In 2020, 57% of working families spent <b>more than $10,000 on child care</b>.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">51% of Americans live in communities classified as child care deserts.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">On average, Americans with children spend at least <b>10% of their household income</b> on child care.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The child care industry in the United States is valued at $54 billion.<u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: brandon_grotesquebold, serif; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 2.1pt; text-transform: uppercase;">GENERAL CHILD CARE STATISTICS<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">27% of families who have difficulty accessing child care can not find an open child care slot.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Roughly half of Americans have trouble finding child care, and 27% of them say it’s because there are not enough open child care slots. As a result, two-thirds of parents in the U.S. have very few — often only one — child care options.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">On average, it costs $340 per week to send a child to a child care or daycare center.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">As reported by the Center for American Progress, in the United States, it costs $300 per week to send a child to a family care center, $340 per week to send a child to a child care or daycare center, and $612 per week for a <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/nanny-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHWB_SDaoUw8R9QvdaczZnqb3yiPw" href="https://www.zippia.com/nanny-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">nanny</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Roughly 30% of U.S. children under the age of five can not access a child care slot.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to a 2020 study that analyzes 25 states across the nation, 8.4 million children under the age of five needed child care. However, only about 5.9 million child care slots were available. Thus, roughly 2.7 million children, or 31.7%, could not access quality child care due to a limited number of child care slots.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: brandon_grotesquebold, serif; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 2.1pt; text-transform: uppercase;">CHILD CARE AND WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE STATISTICS<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Child care is more likely to impact a mother’s career than it is to impact a father’s career.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to a survey conducted by the Center for American Progress, mothers with young children are 40% more likely than fathers to report that child care issues have negatively impacted their careers.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">About 20% of stay-at-home mothers would enter the workforce if they had child care assistance.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to numbers published by American Progress, 20% of mothers who do not currently work would <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/why-are-you-looking-new-job/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHxzBJow6JPcPabQ3ILbjFzV_Vfsw" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/why-are-you-looking-new-job/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">look for a job</span></a> if they had better access to quality child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">An additional 42% of working mothers would look for a <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/high-paying-jobs-nobody-wants/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNFsHRdZlcuE27kxHHJphIhoOsemHQ" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/high-paying-jobs-nobody-wants/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">higher-paying job</span></a>, and 29% of working mothers would seek additional schooling or training to help them advance in their careers.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The cost of child care has led to a 13% decline in the employment of mothers.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Over the past two decades, women’s participation in the labor force has been declining, and rising child care costs are partly to blame. The United States’ lack of federal child care and paid family leave policies is tied to at least one-third of the decline in female employment.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In the United States, 69% of young mothers work.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to the Center for American Progress, nearly 70% of young mothers participate in the labor force. The center also found that fewer mothers in the workforce are directly associated with child care deserts.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">About 42% of mothers are sole or primary breadwinners for their household.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Overall, 70% of American mothers participate in the labor force, and roughly 42% of them are the sole or primary breadwinners in their homes. This rate is even higher among Black mothers, with 71% of them serving as the sole or primary breadwinners for their household.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: brandon_grotesquebold, serif; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 2.1pt; text-transform: uppercase;">CHILD CARE INDUSTRY STATISTICS<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Roughly 30% of infants and toddlers go to home-based child care facilities.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In the United States, 29.5% of infants and toddlers attend home-based child care facilities. Meanwhile, 37.7% of infants and toddlers are exclusively cared for by a parent or guardian.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">58% of working parents rely on child care centers.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to national estimates from the National Household Education Survey, 58% of working parents with children five years old and younger — or about 6.38 million parents across the nation — use center-based child care options.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The survey also found that of the 11 million working parents in the U.S., 31% of them do not rely on any outside child care, 25% of them rely on non-relatives for child care, and 47% rely on relatives for child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">U.S. businesses lose, on average, $12.7 billion each year due to child care challenges.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Data shows that employees with children three years old and younger cost their employers roughly $1,150 per year because of inadequate child care. With 11 million working parents across the U.S., this equates to a total business loss of $12.7 billion.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: brandon_grotesquebold, serif; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 2.1pt; text-transform: uppercase;">CHILD CARE COSTS<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The large majority of working parents have reduced their work hours, at some point, for their kids.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">As a result of child care problems, 63% of working parents have left work earlier than normal, 56% of working parents have been late for work, 55% of working parents have missed a <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/many-hours-full-time-job/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHDJvj-B6OiheaV-CizygjBmVPg1g" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/many-hours-full-time-job/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">full day of work</span></a>, and 54% of working parents have reported being distracted at work, according to data published by Ready Nation.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In addition, of the parents surveyed, one in five of them said they have been reprimanded at least once by a <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/supervisor-interview-questions/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNEy6HS-yuoyXaJmftIrCwG9gsCGKQ" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/supervisor-interview-questions/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">supervisor</span></a>, and one in seven of them said they have had their pay or hours reduced as a result of child care affecting their productivity levels at work.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">More than half of U.S. families spent more than $10,000 on child care in 2020.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to a survey by Care.com, 57% of families across the United States spent more than $10,000 on child care last year. In 2021, 59% of families are budgeting to spend more than $10,000 in yearly child care costs.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">These numbers make child care more expensive than college, with the average in-state tuition ringing up at $9,580 annually.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The current child care system places a $98 billion burden on the U.S. economy.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to data reported by Ready Nation, working parents lose an estimated $8,940 each year in lost earnings, reduced participation in the workforce, and lower returns on <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/relevant-experience/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNGbXicwd3a7kLYBzXW__kxQN7HwHg" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/relevant-experience/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">professional experience</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Across the nation, there are approximately 11 million working parents with children under the age of three. As such, the current child care system results in a total average annual economic cost of $98 billion.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: brandon_grotesquebold, serif; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 2.1pt; text-transform: uppercase;">CHILD CARE AND THE PANDEMIC STATISTICS<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The United States is on track to permanently lose up to 4.5 million child care slots due to the pandemic.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to Teach for America, more than 4 million child care slots could be lost in the coming months due to COVID-19. Moreover, the large majority of these lost slots will affect low-income families and people of color.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Prior to the pandemic, at least two-thirds of U.S. families relied on some form of child care.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Before the pandemic, the majority of parents with children under the age of six worked and thus relied on child care to some extent. About 22% of all parents with young children say that they can not work, either in person or remotely, without child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Child care is more expensive now compared to before the pandemic.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to a report published by Care.com, 72% of families say that child care is more expensive than it was before the global COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, only 6% of families report that it is less expensive.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Increased costs are widely due to the elevated safety precautions that have been put in place at child care centers across the nation.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Quality child care is much harder to find now compared to before the pandemic.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Roughly 46% of families in the United States said that they have a harder time finding child care now compared to pre-pandemic. As such, many families are turning to nannies instead of daycare centers for their child care needs.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Today, the cost of <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/nanny-jobs/interview-questions/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHN1cvKcR3cnYmAXvJ2siQaWRSV2g" href="https://www.zippia.com/nanny-jobs/interview-questions/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">hiring a nanny</span></a> is only $14 more per week than the cost of having two kids in a child care center. In 2019, it cost $239 more weekly to hire a nanny.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">The majority of U.S. child care centers have not yet fully reopened.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to Care.com, of the 51% of American families who used child care or daycare center before the pandemic, 61% say that the center is not yet fully open and operating. An additional 14% of survey families who used child care centers before the pandemic said that their <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/child-care-provider-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHkis1HvOf8PyditvnYOBywfte-cw" href="https://www.zippia.com/child-care-provider-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">child care provider</span></a> is open, but not fully.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">62% of families are more concerned about the cost of child care now compared to before the pandemic.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Compared to pre-pandemic, 62% of families are more concerned, while 10% of families are less concerned about the cost of child care. Of the 62% who are more concerned, 43% said it was because of the increased cost of child care due to safety protocols, and 32% said it was because they had to shift to a different child care arrangement.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: brandon_grotesquebold, serif; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 2.1pt; text-transform: uppercase;">CHILD CARE AVAILABILITY BY DEMOGRAPHICS<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In the United States, roughly 44% of Black families, 50% of White families, and 57% of Hispanic families live in a child care desert and thus have a harder time finding child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Among higher-income neighborhoods, only 43% of families struggle to find child care. This is compared to 54% of families who live in lower-income neighborhoods and have a hard time accessing child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">More than 70% of mothers in the United States work.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to labor <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/statistics-major/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNEdKigYtS8QdDjetdedUyL14O_5rQ" href="https://www.zippia.com/statistics-major/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">statistics</span></a>, in 2020, 71.2% of mothers with children under the age of 18 participated in the labor force. This number was down from 72.3% in 2019. For comparison, in 2020, 92.3% of fathers with children under the age of 18 participated in the labor force.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Black mothers have the highest rates of workforce participation out of all mothers in the United States.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">According to numbers released by American Progress, 80% of Black women with children aged six through 17 work — the highest rate of all other racial and ethnic groups analyzed. In addition, the labor force participation rate for Black women has increased by 23% since 1989.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Child care is harder to access in the Western United States and rural areas.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In small towns and rural areas across the nation, roughly 26% of families report that finding a child <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/care-provider-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNEAfGIBlTL6AjIjLmqU7lonZiOGkw" href="https://www.zippia.com/care-provider-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">care provider</span></a> is very difficult. For comparison, only 10% of families who live in the suburbs and 11% of families who live in major cities report having a very difficult time finding a quality child care <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/provider-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNGpalZSigAgaF_BxSTgdg5lDY9Ilw" href="https://www.zippia.com/provider-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">provider</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">In addition, an estimated 20% of families in the Western United States lost their child care provider, either because they are permanently closed or unavailable, due to the pandemic.<u></u><u></u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #212529; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt 15px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Quality child care is especially hard to come by in Utah, Nevada, Hawaii, West Virginia, and New York.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><u></u><u></u></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0in 13.5pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/utah-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNE3KKqhfXBebG1uKqW_VneJFpQMhg" href="https://www.zippia.com/utah-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">Utah</span></a>, Nevada, <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/hawaii-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNFxbtKXIWktFaUsHDl6CoRed7ZGgA" href="https://www.zippia.com/hawaii-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">Hawaii</span></a>, West <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/virginia-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNFA0Xdl2DlRDrdJME5bG2vdGlmozA" href="https://www.zippia.com/virginia-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">Virginia</span></a>, and <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/new-york-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNGAO6N4l2-mRZZ8rbxX8xrXW6c_ew" href="https://www.zippia.com/new-york-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">New York</span></a> have the highest rates of child care deserts by the state in the United States. Data shows that 77% of families in Utah, 72% of families in <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/nevada-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHMIXEBImUnkDdZNWRpqjgdUh0weQ" href="https://www.zippia.com/nevada-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">Nevada</span></a>, 68% of families in Hawaii, and 64% of families in <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/west-virginia-jobs/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHGT3iQOYq-0pBrTyNylcb1qoSR_Q" href="https://www.zippia.com/west-virginia-jobs/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">West Virginia</span></a> and New York live in a child care desert.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; text-transform: uppercase;">WHAT ARE CHILD CARE DESERTS?<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Child care deserts refer to areas in the United States with little to no access to quality child care. Data suggests that more than half of all American families reside in child care deserts and, in some states, as much as two-thirds of families have limited access to child care.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Most areas are classified as a child care desert if more than 50 children under the age of five reside there, and there are more than three times as many children as there are licensed child care slots.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; text-transform: uppercase;">ARE THERE ANY PROPOSED POLICY SOLUTIONS TO MAKE CHILD CARE MORE ACCESSIBLE AND AFFORDABLE?<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Yes. Some states have proposed budgets and legislations to provide child care <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/benefits-package/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHBn1aSYwucSrsXf8sx-2xg06DH-A" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/benefits-package/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">benefits</span></a> to working families. A federal comprehensive early childhood policy, the Child Care for Working Families Act, has been proposed in congress.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">If passed, this policy would serve several million children across the United States, allow families with at least two children in child care to save more than $10,000 annually, and help to increase economic activity in at least 36 states by an estimated $1 billion each.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">There’s no question that quality child care — that is both accessible and affordable — is an integral aspect of both the U.S. economy and the livelihood of families across the nation. However, after analyzing the numbers, it seems the current system is not only failing parents but also shorting employers and placing an overwhelming burden on America’s economy.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">With more than half of all working families spending a whopping $10,000 a year on child care or roughly 10% of their household <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/what-is-annual-income/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNE9GJo1efKdhtS10DsSXW-TRmqVHQ" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/what-is-annual-income/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">income</span></a>, it’s no surprise that child care is leading to $6.9 billion in lost tax revenue, $12.7 billion in lost business revenue and $36.9 billion in lost individual earnings across the nation.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;">Although COVID-19 shutdowns may generally be past us, the pandemic continues to place added hardships on parents when it comes to affording and finding child care, an industry valued at $54 billion. Now, the availability and affordability of quality child care could largely depend on the <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/how-do-you-define-success/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNHNZ77r10F_9AJulpK98adWhJAM0g" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/how-do-you-define-success/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3174ee;">success</span></a> of various federal legislations.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"><br /></span></p><p> <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.zippia.com/advice/us-child-care-availability-statistics/&source=gmail&ust=1635069857598000&usg=AFQjCNF-y44-UhjVrTmLTgWD9aUReA_vyw" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/us-child-care-availability-statistics/" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.zippia.com/advice/<wbr></wbr>us-child-care-availability-<wbr></wbr>statistics/</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px;"><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #212529; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 36px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px;"><u></u> </p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-67388532573636863172021-04-08T19:06:00.002+02:002021-04-08T19:08:33.696+02:00LET´S EXPLAIN EQUALITY for Women and Girls<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCahorlGHiweG-m6yNyINmlYCXhRnM68eWuIp6X3nInOWJ3ZJsoJTwjBShbO3Q9ZpnZBx8P1oES4FBaDDnHRXY_LoTlAXNJcC55gIbf8ZZ95-673Z4i_m9Xr1lw2xOR6UjiYg1DEzN8vs/s1008/let1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCahorlGHiweG-m6yNyINmlYCXhRnM68eWuIp6X3nInOWJ3ZJsoJTwjBShbO3Q9ZpnZBx8P1oES4FBaDDnHRXY_LoTlAXNJcC55gIbf8ZZ95-673Z4i_m9Xr1lw2xOR6UjiYg1DEzN8vs/s16000/let1.JPG" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVNBNSPGyU0JcUlGDqQd6fpHm9F950K124v-nSMSQzy54T8raFKUvWUHyBI49axyW9odmhS-XSCXhKdElIsEec32v8h1fiuCVZMM_6ZvNCzn1dJKfIbn7fPSH0Zdop3WXK8w_3VGbIq0/s1003/let2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVNBNSPGyU0JcUlGDqQd6fpHm9F950K124v-nSMSQzy54T8raFKUvWUHyBI49axyW9odmhS-XSCXhKdElIsEec32v8h1fiuCVZMM_6ZvNCzn1dJKfIbn7fPSH0Zdop3WXK8w_3VGbIq0/s16000/let2.JPG" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cBlLouN4mcnJ0SDyPI9j9s7Znxi7gpK-CN7IVp3WLeDCLZtqvWEM6gsKZwMd6opbLNM82QyVRhkAGQN4TLkDdPKKIGu-L330XDANIQloSzqsNArMC3-KtdNhqzaQNMF7orHk2qZC1H0/s935/let3.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="788" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cBlLouN4mcnJ0SDyPI9j9s7Znxi7gpK-CN7IVp3WLeDCLZtqvWEM6gsKZwMd6opbLNM82QyVRhkAGQN4TLkDdPKKIGu-L330XDANIQloSzqsNArMC3-KtdNhqzaQNMF7orHk2qZC1H0/s16000/let3.JPG" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Discrimination against women is a human rights violation. </span><span style="font-size: xx-large;">States must eliminate it and achieve (substantive) equality for women</span></p><p><br /></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-61220227686383403062021-02-03T07:59:00.000+01:002021-02-03T07:59:09.910+01:00 Fatima Outaleb, FAR Steering Committee member and Director of Union de l’Action Feminine’s Women’s Shelter in Morocco<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5VQ9KwI7WpBxdXHE5NyNiNGxWR0rVob_Hz7HZotOq-Hc6ihBevFBNsaBtDY4JIrBn2dK88JxS5b5lsQol0BXmbyU_Gfc6NO7HK5kuQfmjmiWvOOBOb-QOIElwLVLvitbEVJWNj-Pud8/s255/24-Fatima-Outaleb.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="255" height="627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5VQ9KwI7WpBxdXHE5NyNiNGxWR0rVob_Hz7HZotOq-Hc6ihBevFBNsaBtDY4JIrBn2dK88JxS5b5lsQol0BXmbyU_Gfc6NO7HK5kuQfmjmiWvOOBOb-QOIElwLVLvitbEVJWNj-Pud8/w640-h627/24-Fatima-Outaleb.png" width="640" /></a><br /><br /></p><p><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fatima Outaleb, FAR Steering Committee member and Director of Union de l’Action Feminine’s (Union for Women’s Action) Women’s Shelter in Morocco</strong></p><p><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gender-based violence and discrimination in Morocco is widespread. It affects about 2/3, or 62.80%, of Moroccan women, according to the High Commission for Planning. Additionally, according to the Economic and Social Council, more than 80% of mens’ requests for permission to marry underage girls are accepted by the judiciary, and only 7% of women own real estate and 1% of Moroccan women own agricultural land. Today, the law perpetuates discrimination between the mother and father in having the right of guardianship over their children, which works against the principle of the child’s best interest. COVID-19 has exacerbated gender-based violence, poverty, and discrimination in Morocco as everywhere else.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For years, women’s organizations from southern Mediterranean countries have worked to combat these societal problems. In Morocco, L’Union de l’Action Feminine (UAF), or the Union of Women’s Action, launched the Caravane Zéro Tolerance, a caravan carrying luminous panels from Tangier to Casablanca to raise awareness of the effects of gender-based violence and discrimination that leads to women’s and girls’ tremendous suffering. The mobile campaign supplemented other types of campaigns that are adopted annually by UAF members. These campaigns include press statements in newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, and a press conference organized by UAF. In this event, UAF presents its annual report and the emergency centers that are part of the UAF network all discuss numbers and cases that are supported throughout the year. This year, UAF, in partnership with the Euro-Mediterranean Women’s Initiatives Network and with the support of the European Union, organized a two-day discussion on November 28<sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> and 29<sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup>, 2020, on “Gender Justice and Facilitating Remedies for Women Victims of Violence,” which addressed female judges, lawyers, Judicial Police staff, and justice system professionals. </p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Women’s human rights organizations will continue to implement activities to prevent and raise awareness of GBV and to protect women and girls, especially those from marginalized backgrounds. Women from the Global South have too frequently had to pay the prices of gender-blind policies, and it is time for states to abide by their commitments.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2020/12/11/never-tolerate-violence/?fbclid=IwAR12k6K3s0rFa1n0-vVpAZs13heFuCeOtoB0s-UOKkOEDPnxKgeTtHS766o">http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2020/12/11/never-tolerate-violence/?fbclid=IwAR12k6K3s0rFa1n0-vVpAZs13heFuCeOtoB0s-UOKkOEDPnxKgeTtHS766o</a></span></span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-46357175099997142802021-01-29T00:00:00.008+01:002021-01-29T00:00:00.405+01:00Emily Bisharat<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPQlya8Pt5uRBDRXeIk5KMAdG_j8N_cV837gFv-GBke_YJhyphenhyphenBtKGN3_WGue-26KpMZOnB4RUZ6p4Thf4jADDib2hlN_LbH7kLIQGzZVwK4A_G-1-nX6-eRfk9W1C-l_gTujw5iJXegFEA/s957/f11.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="957" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPQlya8Pt5uRBDRXeIk5KMAdG_j8N_cV837gFv-GBke_YJhyphenhyphenBtKGN3_WGue-26KpMZOnB4RUZ6p4Thf4jADDib2hlN_LbH7kLIQGzZVwK4A_G-1-nX6-eRfk9W1C-l_gTujw5iJXegFEA/s16000/f11.JPG" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;">The contemporary feminist movement in Jordan owes a lot to Emily Bisharat, a pioneering philanthropist, political activist and the Kingdom's first female lawyer, according to women activists.</span></span></div><p></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">At a time when women activism was unfamiliar, Bisharat "carved in stone" her plight to achieve gender equity and women's suffrage rights, Suhair Tal, a writer and researcher who documented Bisharat's life, recently said.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Speaking at a session on Bisharat's life, held by the Sisterhood Is Global Institute (SIGI), Tal said Bisharat belonged to a family of three girls. Her father was the eldest of the extended family, originating from Salt in Balqa Governorate, 35km northwest of Amman.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">She wanted to become a lawyer, but her father refused. Yet, she studied at Ramallah Friends School, and later went to the Syrian-Lebanese College to receive her education in the English language, which entitled her to work as a teacher in the 1930s.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Girls at the time were not allowed to become anything more than teachers," Tal said, noting that girls then were also not allowed to inherit money or property, which meant that her father's fortune went to his male nephews, not his daughters.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">After her father's death, Bisharat saved up money and obtained a law degree from London Metropolitan University. She practised law at home, and became a member of the Jordan Bar Association's (JBA) council twice.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bisharat's thought and political awareness expanded with her life experiences, said Tal, who highlighted that the pioneering woman carried a democratic nationalistic communist ideology. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"She was smart and knew that the society will not accept political activism from a woman, therefore she transformed her ideas into philanthropic programmes as a window for social acceptance and an opportunity to network with other women," Tal noted.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1945 Bisharat established the Arab Women's Union, which called for "equal rights and responsibilities, and pan-Arab unity". But the union was closed down in 1957.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The activist also delivered several lectures in the United States on the rights of the Palestinian people upon the 1948 Nakbah.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">"The Palestinian issue was at the heart of her political activism," said Tal, noting that Bisharat believed in the equal mental capabilities of men and women and women's need to work for self-realisation and income generation.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">She often wrote about these issues in Alraed magazine, and she sometimes published articles under the pseudonym Bin Al Urdon "Daughter of Jordan".</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bisharat was also a philanthropist, as she established an orphanage for Palestinian children in 1948, and opened the first nursing school in 1953.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nonetheless, she experienced despair due to the rejection she faced from some people, as well as the repeated closure of unions. She expressed that by staying at her home most of the time, not participating in public life. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bisharat, who passed away in 2004, donated her fortune, valued at almost JD500,000, to charities and the church, said Tal.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">SIGI Executive Director Asma Khader said Bisharat donated her library, sewing machine, printing machine and spectacles to SIGI.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">She added that Bisharat was keen on attending the JBA's general assembly's meeting and participating in the association's elections until a late period of her life.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haifa Bashir, another women rights activist, said Bisharat's history is so refined and that other Jordanian women learn a lot from her</span><span style="font-size: 13px;">.<br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5c60; font-family: "Droid Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #5e5c60; font-family: Droid Serif, Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://jordanembassyus.org/blog/women-activists-remember-life-and-legacy-emily-bisharat">http://jordanembassyus.org/blog/women-activists-remember-life-and-legacy-emily-bisharat</a></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #5e5c60; font-family: Droid Serif, Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><a href="http://www.efi-ife.org/sites/default/files/EFI_Gender%20Equality%20Education%20manuel_FR.pdf" style="color: #ff9900; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">http://www.efi-ife.org/sites/default/files/EFI_Gender%20Equality%20Education%20manuel_FR.pdf</a></span></div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-43648066945008992372021-01-17T13:57:00.001+01:002021-01-17T13:57:29.567+01:00FEMINIST ACTION AGAINST PORNOGRAPHY IN JAPAN: UNEXPECTED SUCCESS IN AN UNLIKELY PLACE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiziBMxplMnfm8GmIkdQN25cErfpn4DItpg9LLzx7OkLENc4_MFdnBGUUnMpS6SgYilXUY_MnLQTiYKkKDLpaieMVuHmwu0evzPgTOxC46TAqLUPrrKr9rA-zbXPryjg2VboZ8mFgMUQbg/s386/paps.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiziBMxplMnfm8GmIkdQN25cErfpn4DItpg9LLzx7OkLENc4_MFdnBGUUnMpS6SgYilXUY_MnLQTiYKkKDLpaieMVuHmwu0evzPgTOxC46TAqLUPrrKr9rA-zbXPryjg2VboZ8mFgMUQbg/s16000/paps.JPG" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>In late 2016 a feminist movement against problems of commercial sexual exploitation, especially issues of coerced pornography filming, arose in Japan. This article describes the history of this movement as it mobilized to combat human rights violations perpetrated by the country’s pornographers. The movement’s success came not spontaneously or haphazardly; in fact, it was orchestrated earlier over a full decade-and-a-half by activists who persevered in researching and highlighting pornography’s harms in a civil environment of hostility, isolation and social derision, even among progressive groups and individuals. The Anti-Pornography and Prostitution Research Group (APP) was particularly prominent in this history. Its members were inspired and instructed early on by the work of Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin in bringing to public attention victim accounts of pornography’s harms in the US from the 1980s, and they attempted to follow this example. The example of feminist anti-pornography activism described here is a case of unlikely political success achieved in an unexpected place, given that Japan ranks 110th-place in global gender equality league tables out of 150 countries, and it is offered as a real-world example of MacKinnon’s “butterfly” model of radical social change.</p><div><br /></div><div>Direct Link to Full 26-Page Article in DIGNITY Publication:</div><div><a href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=dignity">https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=dignity</a></div><div><a href="https://www.paps.jp/?lang=en">https://www.paps.jp/?lang=en</a></div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-83661252504761947932021-01-10T11:18:00.010+01:002021-01-10T11:18:55.245+01:00Turkey: Gender-based violence<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpmRI4_kRVkPzd5NsFQ72OgQs6c2ffU-zzG-QF8-x1hvEgjbxY4MUclIU3z1fQ1sUdyubRgm5cd4Oj3xmYfTyQX4TSc5qJK4lynEzgN1GBXnWcwNlpo9eUp9v7O_FERxiDSeml-dTm00/s1410/turkia.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="1410" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpmRI4_kRVkPzd5NsFQ72OgQs6c2ffU-zzG-QF8-x1hvEgjbxY4MUclIU3z1fQ1sUdyubRgm5cd4Oj3xmYfTyQX4TSc5qJK4lynEzgN1GBXnWcwNlpo9eUp9v7O_FERxiDSeml-dTm00/w640-h184/turkia.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />There has unfortunately been no setback and no development that could be considered positive in male violence against women in 2020<b>. 260 women were killed within the first 11 months of 2020. At least 92 women were raped, while 136 women were harassed and 731 women were subjected to violence.</b><br /><br />The conditions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic that left numerous individuals unemployed or enclosed at home have brought along much more severe conditions for women. Lockdowns in almost all countries around the world led to an escalation in sexual, economic and physical violence against women. Observation reports published in Turkey also point to a similar state of affairs for women. According to April and May 2020 reports4 published by the We Will End Femicide Platform, the rate of women who called the support lines increased by 55% and 78% in April and May respectively.<br /><br />Many events planned for the 8 March International Women’s Day faced bans and interventions this year too. The 8 March Feminist Night March that has been held since 2003 but intervened into in 2019 was also banned by the İstanbul Governor’s Office in 2020.The police used tear gas and rubber bullets against women who assembled in Sıraselviler Street in İstanbul. At least 32 women were taken into police custody.<br /><br />The police intervened into the protest held on 15 May 2020 in İstanbul, Kadıköy on the occasion of the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia and took two persons into custody using physical violence.<br /><br />The police also intervened into a sit-in staged in Batman’s Atatürk Park to protest the sexual assault of a young girl by a specialist sergeant in Batman and took 10 persons into custody including children.<br /><br />The police intervened into a march following a press conference, to protest the murder of Pınar Gültekin by a man called Cemal Metin Avcı, held by Women Are Strong Together Platform in İzmir, Alsancak on 21 July 2020 while taking 12 persons into custody using physical force.<br /><br />Moreover, in February 2020 at a meeting with AKP deputies and central executive board members, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that the İstanbul Convention would be reviewed. In the disputes that followed, statements like “(the convention) disrupted the Turkish family structure” and “provided legal grounds for homosexuality” made the İstanbul Convention a target. The Council of<br /><br />Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, a.k.a. the İstanbul Convention, which sets forth the basic standards for the prevention of and combat gender-based and domestic violence against women along with states’ responsibilities to this end, had been ratified by the GNAT on 24 November 2011. Numerous women staged mass protests stating that the standards against violence, which have already been implemented insufficiently, would be terminated in their entirety if Turkey withdraws its signature from this convention.<br /><br />The police did not allow a forum on the İstanbul Convention scheduled to be held on 26 July 2020 in İstanbul, Beşiktaş Abbasağa Park by the Women Are Strong Together Collective on the grounds of a ban decision delivered by the governor’s office. The police took 8 persons into custody by using physical violence following the end of the forum.<br /><br />The police intervened into a march organized by İzmir Women’s Platform demanding the implementation of the İstanbul Convention on 5 August 2020 in İzmir and took 16 persons into custody<br />using physical violence and rear-handcuffing the protestors. It was reported that following the sit-in staged for the release of those in custody, 5 more people were taken into custody.<br /><br />The police intervened into a press conference held on 12 August 2020 by Ankara Women’s Platform<br />to protest Turkey’s withdrawal from the İstanbul Convention and took 33 persons into custody using physical violence.<br /><br />The police did not allow a press conference and march scheduled by Women’s Committees on the occasion of 25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women in İstanbul,<br />Taksim. The police blockaded women who staged a sit-in before the police barricades for about 5 hours, then took 10 women into custody rear-handcuffing them and using physical violence. It was reported that a woman was wounded during the intervention.<div><br /><div><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.524px;">https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/iHD-HRFT_Human-Rights-Day-2020_.pdf</span><br /><br />4 http://kadincinayetlerinidurduracagiz.net/aciklamalar/2912/nisan-2020-basvuru-karsilama-raporu<br /><br />http://kadincinayetlerinidurduracagiz.net/aciklamalar/2912/nisan-2020-basvuru-karsilama-raporu</div></div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-9018753408110221282020-12-05T20:16:00.009+01:002020-12-07T21:44:54.005+01:00 Recommendations for the U.S. Government 3/3<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Py4K4BU3lsRydhiB4S1IXYej_UpWJHim6n0UVrGXUp9eJmeFkK7gSAulP6y88oTHTO45TQ-oG902gDmYZa_BwiIlcKn16NJxJBXAs6zBalaUDsd9SRa-6RcdoQUQrQ-MIKAkkyBYei8/s2016/b734da39-86c3-44d0-99cb-9e857358a9d9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="2016" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Py4K4BU3lsRydhiB4S1IXYej_UpWJHim6n0UVrGXUp9eJmeFkK7gSAulP6y88oTHTO45TQ-oG902gDmYZa_BwiIlcKn16NJxJBXAs6zBalaUDsd9SRa-6RcdoQUQrQ-MIKAkkyBYei8/w640-h311/b734da39-86c3-44d0-99cb-9e857358a9d9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. <b>Ensure all global response and recovery efforts comply with the gender analysis and integration requirement of the
Women’s Entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment Actxv
(Section 3(c)</b>) by making funds immediately available and
directed towards efforts including, but not limited to: </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;">a. Additional personnel and technical assistance to conduct and integrate gender analyses as defined in Sec 3(c) of
the WEEE Act into response and recovery efforts; and </p><p style="text-align: justify;">b. Ensure programs address the different impacts of the crisis on all genders, including on their employment,
income, access to social safety nets and financial services, gender-based violence, property rights and security of
land tenure, the capability to fully exercise their rights and influence decision-making, access to agricultural
extension services and other support, access to education, and other factors affecting women’s and girls’
economic empowerment.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"> 2. <b>Prioritize the safe and meaningful involvement of women, girls, and other marginalized populations in decision-making
processes related to COVID-19 responses, relief delivery, and recovery at all levels.</b> This means proactively ensuring
women and girls are included on leadership bodies, and women and girls are actively engaged in developing communityand context-specific responses, and consulted through the various stages of program design, implementation, and
evaluation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3<b>. Fund and implement programming to address the specific economic impacts on women globally, especially lower income,
migrant, and other marginalized women. </b>This support should include the informal and formal sectors, and should expand
funding to existing programs for the following: </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;">a. Maintaining and expanding existing cash transfer and broader subsidy programs, while also removing
conditionality linked to girls attending school or families delaying daughters’ marriage, to ensure alreadyvulnerable women, girls, and their households are not driven deeper into poverty as a result of COVID-19; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">b. Supporting women as entrepreneurs and workers through stop-gap financing measures to firms experiencing
losses due to COVID-19. Measures should include resources for women entrepreneurs to pivot their businesses
to e-commerce, promote remote working, and expand into high-demand markets due to COVID-19, as well as
funding for financing and capital to support economic recovery. These efforts must include outreach to women
and other marginalized populations to ensure they have meaningful access to financing, capital, and other
financial services at the same rate as men; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">c. Prioritizing consumer protection safeguards, especially at microfinance level, to ensure women are not driven
into a cycle of debt in response to COVID-19. Where possible, prioritize cash- and savings-led approaches to
support very poor populations; </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;">d. Ensuring supply chains take measures to promote women’s job security in light of the instability resulting from
COVID-19 and enact protections to prevent the exploitation of women, girls, and marginalized populations that
may be exacerbated under COVID-crisis circumstances. This includes ensuring fair wages, decent work conditions,
and other protections are in place for workers both in the workplace as well as those working from home; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">e. Investing in training, skills development, and job placement programs for women to access jobs in industries
responsive to COVID-19 (e.g., health care product manufacturing, information and communications technology,
and food and accommodations); </p><p style="text-align: justify;">f. Addressing and minimizing disruptions to girls’ education and taking special measures to ensure that girls return
to school so that their future economic opportunities are not diminished;
g. Investing in technological solutions to promote women’s employment and entrepreneurship during the COVID19 crisis, including funding and skills building to narrow the gender digital divide and increase women’s access to
digital tools and platforms; and
4
h. Ensuring any agricultural financial and technical assistance targets women farmers and agricultural workers,
including small-scale farms, and promote increased access to labor-saving, women-friendly technology. Provide
food assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable populations during this crisis. </p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">4. <b>Integrate a gender-based violence prevention and mitigation plan as well as ‘Do No Harm’ principles into all COVID-19
emergency response funding and action plans.</b> Funding should be directed to support ongoing gender-based violence
programming to increase prevention and to support survivors in the face of likely increases in gender-based violence,
such as domestic or intimate partner violence during social distancing and lockdowns or increased rates of child
marriage due to economic hardship or other factors. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. <b>Allocate funding to ensure that social services such as health, education, and other care-related functions can continue
at levels prior to the disease outbreak,</b> anticipating that countries whose economies have been heavily impacted by
COVID-19 will not be able to fund social services at the same levels. Debt relief measures and other financing cannot
come at the expense of social service expenditure. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. <b>Continue and increase support for longer-term initiatives that advance gender-equitable social norms and infrastructure,</b>
such as childcare services and programs to support involvement of men and boys in household duties, particularly given
their additional time at home under stay-at-home measures, to alleviate women and girls’ disproportionate unpaid care
burdens. These measures should also support prevention of gender-based discrimination and violence and promote
women’s voice and leadership at all levels. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. <b>Require rigorous monitoring, evaluation, and learning, including the use of standard indicators to assess the extent to
which U.S</b>. Government strategies, projects, activities, and programs responding to COVID-19 either widen or narrow
gender gaps in the economy and more broadly. Prioritize the collection of gender- and age-disaggregated data from
foreign assistance programs addressing COVID-19 impacts, and additional accountability mechanisms to ensure
implementation. </p><p><br /></p><p><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_final.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1606846536629000&usg=AFQjCNFkZ_phLut_wSu-sBJyTwu1mOfNoA" href="https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_final.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_<wbr></wbr>final.pdf (icrw.org)</span></a></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-59100791291257472902020-12-02T12:24:00.000+01:002020-12-02T12:24:48.001+01:00COVID-19 and Women’s Economic Empowerment 2/3<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPjLB_-G96MCExQgNq41RzoBAvDNMiUa-ZCMg9TVyTKSGi4tN1mEpQFaYeE7iFiUOzpPw4dqx4HzbBAm7z6FjBGHjdS3YhZWe_3af6Rrg0mGvjUJxNutJtCAotfiwEar88h3VZNHEVdc8/s2016/b734da39-86c3-44d0-99cb-9e857358a9d9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="2016" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPjLB_-G96MCExQgNq41RzoBAvDNMiUa-ZCMg9TVyTKSGi4tN1mEpQFaYeE7iFiUOzpPw4dqx4HzbBAm7z6FjBGHjdS3YhZWe_3af6Rrg0mGvjUJxNutJtCAotfiwEar88h3VZNHEVdc8/w640-h311/b734da39-86c3-44d0-99cb-9e857358a9d9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Gender-based violence increases in emergencies, impeding women and girls from participating in economic activities.</b> Stress
and disruption caused by crises often exacerbate underlying norms that lead to gender-based violence. Sources in China,
France, and elsewhere have already reported that cases of domestic violence have increased dramatically during the COVID19 crisis, particularly as a result of necessary stay-at-home measures. As in other types of crises, practices such as child
marriage and survival sex rise as negative coping mechanisms. Gender-based violence can prevent women and girls from
engaging in economic activities, decrease their productivity, and cede control over earnings to abusers. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Girls’ education is disrupted by crises more than boys’, with lasting impacts on the skills and knowledge they need to succeed
in the economy</b>. During crises, girls’ education is likely to be disrupted with school closures. Often, when girls are removed
from school, they take on additional caregiving responsibilities, domestic labor, or other income-generating activities
outside the home instead of continuing their learning. In areas where social norms lead to greater disparities between girls
and boys in enrollment and retention in school, temporary disruption as a result of a crisis such as COVID-19 can lead to
permanent removal from school. Families being unable to pay school fees resulting from loss of income during the crisis,
negative coping mechanisms such as child marriage, or the loss of educational infrastructure such as girls’ peer networks
and teachers are prominent concerns.
xi This has long-term negative impacts on girls’ access to opportunities and resources
to improve their lives and ultimately, on their educational, economic, and health outcomes. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Unequal laws or practices regarding inheritance and property ownership regulations have an acute impact on women and
girls during crises. Under international human rights law, women and men are entitled to equal legal protection of their
property rights, including in inheritance and succession. However, with the rising number of deaths as a result of COVID19, many widows, daughters and divorced women are either barred from or cannot in practice claim their ownership rights
in the case of death or dissolution of marriage. Social norms and harmful traditional practices around widowhood can also
impede transfer or ownership of land. Women seeking to enforce their rights can face heightened risks, particularly when
court systems are shuttered during a crisis such as COVID-19. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Gender wage gaps across roles and sectors can negatively affect women’s ability to purchase necessities and engage in COVID19 prevention and response efforts.</b> Globally women earn 24% less than men do, with women’s wages being lower than
men’s and women experiencing wage gaps for both identical roles and different occupations of equal value.xii Lower pay
means many women will have reduced ability to purchase necessary supplies needed to engage in preventative activities
around COVID-19, purchase household necessities, or access crucial healthcare services – especially when access to
affordable health services is already limited. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The gender digital divide will negatively affect women’s ability to receive vital support and services or adapt businesses or
roles as employees to social distancing constraints</b>. On average, women are 14% less likely to own mobile phones than their
male counterparts and 43% less likely to engage online.xiii This will result in women's inability to access critical cash transfers
and other financial services via digital platforms currently being prioritized by governments in light of social distancing
measures. The digital divide can also lead to challenges for women to engage in distance learning, for women entrepreneurs
to transition to e-commerce platforms and opportunities, and women employees to engage in remote work necessary to
maintain their jobs. Additionally, the digital gender gap will impact girls’ remote learning opportunities, while those who do
connect online face increased risks of online harassment, abuse, and sexual exploitation. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Resources diverted from existing services during this crisis will negatively impact women’s health, raising economic
implications</b>. To respond to urgent health needs resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, resources will be diverted away
from ongoing programs supporting lifesaving health services. Additionally, access to services are hindered by overwhelmed
health systems. This is compounded by women’s loss of income leading to decreased ability to access available health care.
These factors impede women and girls from achieving the highest possible standard of care.
xiv At a time when chronic and
non-COVID related health concerns persist, this will have strong implications for women’s and girls’ health and well-being,
particularly on those with underlying medical conditions such as the elderly and persons living with disabilities. Poor health
is inextricably tied to women’s and girls’ ability to participate in economic activity and puts further strain on already
overburdened infrastructure.<p></p></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_final.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1606846536629000&usg=AFQjCNFkZ_phLut_wSu-sBJyTwu1mOfNoA" href="https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_final.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_<wbr></wbr>final.pdf (icrw.org)</span></a></div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-15537064046913365732020-11-30T23:19:00.001+01:002020-11-30T23:36:01.791+01:00 COVID-19 and Women’s Economic Empowerment 1/3<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5PZVnSpt-YfJZOnlK5OFPVWytI398LAq-wTaqV2zJnSkcz5nedFnwl6xmBSaRA8RlaaW4pV1ANCJ0JPpu7EprvVE0_0n5az8_kqELc_DeXKkZZhEHS_G12Em9X4XVLKf4q7nQyF29L8o/s2016/b734da39-86c3-44d0-99cb-9e857358a9d9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="2016" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5PZVnSpt-YfJZOnlK5OFPVWytI398LAq-wTaqV2zJnSkcz5nedFnwl6xmBSaRA8RlaaW4pV1ANCJ0JPpu7EprvVE0_0n5az8_kqELc_DeXKkZZhEHS_G12Em9X4XVLKf4q7nQyF29L8o/w640-h311/b734da39-86c3-44d0-99cb-9e857358a9d9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> COVID-19 and Women’s Economic Empowerment
The current COVID-19 crisis deeply impacts women, men, girls, boys and other genders differently. While men make up the
majority of those who have died from the virus, women and girls bear the brunt of disproportionate care burdens,
disruptions in income and education, poor access to health and other essential services, greater risk of being dispossessed
of land and property, and gender digital and pay gaps. For women already living in poverty, these impacts can be a shock
to their economic stability overall and impede their ability to purchase critical necessities, such as medicine and food. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The COVID-19 crisis will have significant implications for U.S. investments in global women’s economic empowerment,
including the Women’s Global Development and Prosperity (W-GDP) initiative, the Development Finance Corporation’s 2X
Women’s initiative, and U.S. investment in the Women Entrepreneurs Financing Initiative (We-Fi). The gender and social
norm manifestations of COVID-19 present an urgent need for governments, businesses, community leaders, and decisionmakers to act. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Women’s employment in the health sector disproportionately exposes them to COVID-19. Women comprise about 70% of
global health care workers and are front and center to exposure to COVID-19 and stigma within their communities for
working near COVID patients.
i Additionally, the gender pay gap in the global health workforce is 11%; lower pay means
decreased ability to purchase necessary supplies or access care.
ii The undervaluing of women’s work hurts women and
healthcare systems, and under-investment holds systems back from preparedness in times of crisis.iii </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Unemployment and women’s overrepresentation in the informal sector heightens their vulnerabilities during crises</b>. The
International Labor Organization estimates that 195 million jobs could be eliminated globally due to the pandemic,iv with a
majority in sectors predominated by women.
v
Furthermore, over 740 million women around the world work in the informal
sector and as low-wage workers,
vi employment that is vulnerable to elimination due to COVID-19 and which often lacks
protections against exploitation and harassment. Migrant women working in non-essential service industries such as food
service and hospitality and domestic workers in predominantly female-heavy sectors (e.g., housekeeping, childcare) are
particularly vulnerable to being laid off or exploited for their labor during COVID-19. Furthermore, the 26% gender gap in
labor force participationvii now seems to be widening further and the U.S. Department of Labor reported in April 2020 that
women held 60% of the 700k jobs that have been eliminated in the U.S. so far due to COVID-19. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Women and adolescent girls take on disproportionate care burdens with negative impacts on their economic empowerment.
</b>Due to social norms, women already perform 76.2% of the total hours of unpaid care work, more than three times as much
as men.viii During public health crises such as COVID-19, care burdens dramatically increase to include caring for the sick,
vulnerable elderly family members, and children who are home due to school closures.
ix This not only exposes women and
girls to contracting the virus from infected family members, but also reduces time spent on generating an income, operating
a business, or other economic activity. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The disproportionate impacts on women due to COVID-19 threatens the stability of food security in the developing world.</b>
Women comprise on average 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries and are estimated to account for
two-thirds of the world’s 600 million poor livestock keepers.
x
Limits to global food supply could require countries to focus
on domestic production, which puts women at a greater economic disadvantage as their land rights are already less secure
globally. Additionally, this will likely increase the risk of violence and exploitation by male sharecroppers and credit services
in countries where social norms restrict women from harvesting the land they own. If field laborers are not able to travel
to farms to assist in planting, weeding, and harvesting, this could lead to increased labor demands for women and girls,
which compound already high household care burdens. In addition, many women sell agricultural products in local and
informal markets; as markets close due to the COVID-19 crisis, women will experience further losses in income.</div><p></p><p><br /></p><p><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_final.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1606846536629000&usg=AFQjCNFkZ_phLut_wSu-sBJyTwu1mOfNoA" href="https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_final.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">cweee_covid_and_wee_brief_<wbr></wbr>final.pdf (icrw.org)</span></a></p><p><br /></p></div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-85158526715593766492020-11-25T00:00:00.142+01:002020-11-25T00:00:00.234+01:00VII. Recommendations 7/7<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuj9RnLsf3NT4qNw9MX2WkHKuXDuLFBx1oYTF6WRLMm35y6OxKvf5MJQG7_h5YHpg7d_B9nvn9SZDPBWuP5OoOa8wYvEMkO5UmxQmN6-FQaXIHaHK3BIhpWtNYdENs2ubYpyic75ZIvAY/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuj9RnLsf3NT4qNw9MX2WkHKuXDuLFBx1oYTF6WRLMm35y6OxKvf5MJQG7_h5YHpg7d_B9nvn9SZDPBWuP5OoOa8wYvEMkO5UmxQmN6-FQaXIHaHK3BIhpWtNYdENs2ubYpyic75ZIvAY/s16000/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="HChG"><br /></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b> </b></span><b>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addressing the root causes of trafficking
in women and girls</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">47.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties must work towards mobilization of public resources
and strengthening of public services in areas that support achievement of
gender equality, promotion of women’s and girls’ human rights and their
sustainable development in order to reduce the risk of factors leading to
trafficking<a name="_heading=h.giy340iop9zx"></a><a name="_2a30261vzy2c"></a>. Full
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is essential to address
the factors that heighten the risks of trafficking, in particular: achieving
gender equality and empowering women and girls; promoting peace, justice and
strong institutions; reducing inequalities; end poverty in all its forms;
ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong
learning opportunities for women and girls; ensuring healthy lives and
promoting the well-being of women and girls of all ages; ensuring decent work
and economic participation for women and girls; and promoting climate change
measures in gender equality policies.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addressing socio-economic injustice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure women’s and girls’ full, effective and meaningful
participation, especially of victims of trafficking, those at risk of
trafficking, communities affected by trafficking and/or anti-trafficking
measures, in all levels of decision-making and at all stages of efforts to
prevent and combat trafficking, in the design of human rights-based
gender-sensitive responses, including in the development, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of anti-trafficking legislation, policy and
programmes, continuing implementation of the Convention and the United Nations
Trafficking Protocol and as an essential component of the peace-making,
stabilization and reconstruction process in line with Security Council
resolution 1325 (2000) and the follow up resolutions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Adopt a gender-transformative approach in order to dismantle the
structural and systemic conditions that deprive women and girls of their
fundamental rights, the consequence of which places them in situations of
vulnerability to all forms of trafficking and sexual exploitation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">50.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Reduce the risk of trafficking by eradicating pervasive and
persistent gender inequality resulting in an economic, social, and legal status
of women and girls that is lower in comparison than that which is enjoyed by
men and boys by adopting economic and public policies that prevent a lack of
sustainable livelihood options and basic living standards.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">51.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Eliminate social structures which limit women’s autonomy and access
to key resources which increases the risk of being lured by promises of a means
of escape from impoverished circumstances, including lower access to education
and vocational training opportunities, asset and land ownership, access to
credit, women’s low participation in decision-making, unequal pay, child/early
and forced marriage, pervasiveness of patriarchal gender roles, the concentration
of women in insecure and vulnerable work and their lack of decent work
opportunities.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">52.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Enact legislation to protect women and provide effective assistance
to victims of domestic abuse, review family law, address socio-cultural practices,
including intra-family arrangements which increase exposure of women and girls
to trafficking and sexual exploitation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">53.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Eradicate patriarchal norms and values formalised in legislation,
including family laws, which facilitate trafficking for child/early and forced
marriage. Measures must be adopted which prevent families from agreeing to the
indefinite or temporary “marriage” of their daughter in exchange for financial
gains. Take into consideration that so-called “women shortages” due to family planning
policies in some countries has exacerbated this situation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Strengthen implementation of a labour rights framework:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Introduce,
strengthen and enforce employment legislation designed to protect all women
workers, including migrant workers, irrespective of their documentation status,
level of skill or the sector in which they work, or whether they are in the
formal or informal economy, duration of their employment, and to minimize the
opportunities for exploitation by providing very clear protections, including
localized living wage requirements, overtime pay, health and safety, social
protection, and decent working conditions, equal pay for work of equal value,
particularly in unregulated, informal or unmonitored economic sectors that rely
on migrant labour;<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ensure
adequately resourcing, increase the number and strengthen the capacity, mandate
and investigative powers of labour inspectors to undertake gender-responsive,
safe, ethical and confidential inspections and to systematically recognize and
report breaches of labour laws and presumed cases of trafficking in women and
girls uncovered during both routine and unscheduled inspections, particularly
in highly-feminized sectors and including of migrant workers’ seasonal and informal
workplaces and accommodation, agricultural farms, and, where appropriate,
private households;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Establish
firewalls among reporting of presumed trafficking arising from labour
inspections, victims’ use of public services, including healthcare services’ or
other monitoring mechanisms and immigration and/or criminal law enforcement for
illegal labour;<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Encourage
businesses to establish safe and anonymous grievance mechanisms for all
workers, in cooperation with workers representatives, that are gender-sensitive,
to ensure their labour rights are upheld and can be accessed without fear of
retaliation;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(e)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enforce
adequate legal sanctions against employers engaging in abusive employment and
labour practices;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(f)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Provide
assistance and training to businesses to ensure compliance with human rights
and labour standards, particularly targeting industries known to be hubs,
entry-points or channels for trafficking;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Provide special economic and social support to disadvantaged groups
of women and girls such as those in extreme rural and urban poverty,
stigmatized and racialized groups, sexual abuse survivors and women with
disabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <i> </i></span><i>(ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addressing trafficking through promoting a
safe migration framework</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">56.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Establish a gender
responsive safe migration framework to protect women and girl migrants,
including those with an irregular migration status, from violations of their
human rights at every stage of migration, by: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Supporting
increased access to pathways for safe and regular migration and to avoid exploitation,
including sexual exploitation, considering the specific needs of women and
their children, and ensuring the rights of the migrant populations within these
pathways to protected formal employment opportunities, legal pathways to
education and vocational training, both in their countries of origin and
destination;</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Facilitating
independent attainment of official identification and travel documents for safe
passage of women wishing to emigrate without requiring them to obtain
permission from a spouse or male guardian;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Applying
a robust gender analysis to all migration policies and programmes, including
those relevant to employment, labour rights, detention, the provision of
passports, visas and residence permits, and bilateral and multilateral
agreements such as readmission agreements;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Increasing
access to family reunification with a focus on psychosocial and economic
dependency, and in consideration of different types of families;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(e)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Upholding
the rights of children, guaranteeing their right to be heard and considering
unaccompanied girls as especially vulnerable and requiring additional
protection.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">In line with the Global
Compact on Migration, the Committee encourages States parties to: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Participate
in regional processes and sign bilateral agreements with destination countries
for employment to ensure coordination between States parties to strengthen
cooperation on the regulation of working conditions in compliance with
international labour and human rights standards which ensure the protection and
promotion of the rights of women migrant workers;</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ensure
that representatives of workers are involved in the development of such
agreements;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Establish
mechanisms in the country of destination to deal with rights violations of
women migrant workers during employment, in particular to report exploitation
and claim unpaid wages and benefits;</b></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ensure
that diplomatic missions, labour and economic attaches and consular officials
are trained on responding to cases of trafficked migrant women workers.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure that visa schemes
do not discriminate against women and facilitate or result in their
trafficking:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(a)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Remove
any restrictions on women’s employment to specific job categories or excluding
female-dominated occupations from visa schemes; <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Repeal
requirements for workers to undergo mandatory testing for pregnancy and
eliminating deportation on the grounds of pregnancy or diagnosis of HIV;<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(c)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Revise
the conditions for granting residence permits to women to mitigate consequences
of dependency on their spouses.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">59.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Regulate and monitor
labour recruiters, intermediaries and employment agencies: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(a)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Support
their commitment to move to ethical recruitment measures such as the ILO’s Fair
Recruitment Initiative, and Know Before You Go campaigns and services for
prospective migrant workers, also involving the consular networks of countries
of origin; <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(b)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Establish
an enforcement mechanism to ensure that the same contracts are used in the
destination country and in workers’ countries of origin; <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(c)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Invalidate
contracts where undue pressure was applied to the worker during the process of
recruitment;<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(d)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prosecute
and punish their engagement in exploitative recruitment processes, including
for acts of violence, coercion, abuse of power, deception or exploitation, such
as intentional provision of misleading information and documentation, the
confiscation of passports, other identity documents or work permits by any
person other than the document holder and law enforcement authorities, the
charging of illegal recruitment fees to workers or deposit requirement, or for
issuance of visas, passports, transportation tickets or participation in
pre-departure trainings.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">60.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Mitigate risks of
dependency and vulnerability of migrant women workers in relation to their
employers: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">End
discriminatory conditionalities in recruitment, including the practice of
making the migration status of workers conditional on the sponsorship or
guardianship of a specific employer, such as “tied visas”;</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enforce
the right for migrants to seek alternative employers and sectors of employment
without seeking their existing employers’ permission or leaving the country;</b>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Discontinue
the practice of security bond conditions on employers of migrant workers to
ensure they ‘control and supervise’ their foreign employee;</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ensure
that employer-provided accommodation and food are reasonably priced and that
costs are not automatically deducted from their pay;<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(e)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Facilitate
the inclusion of migrant women workers into the labour market and providing
trainings for improving their skills.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addressing the demand that fosters
exploitation and leads to trafficking <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Discourage the demand that
fosters exploitation of prostitution and leads to human trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Implement educational,
social or cultural measures aimed at targeting potential users.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Prevent and address
Trafficking in all business operations, public procurement, and corporate
supply chains by:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Investigate,
prosecute and convict all perpetrators involved in the trafficking of persons,
including those on the demand side;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Provide,
by law, a civil cause of action in both the country of operation and the
country of corporation, for workers in global supply chains who suffer harm due
to non-fulfilment of mandatory due diligence laws;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Encourage
businesses and public agencies to ensure that a dedicated regulatory body in
which workers and their representatives are represented has the power and
resources to proactively investigate and monitor compliance with mandatory due
diligence laws and sanction non-compliant entities;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Conducting,
and/or funding, awareness raising campaigns to inform consumers and customers
of products and services that may involve exploitative labour, including
unethical recruitment practices and slave labour, and where to report
suspicions of criminal activities.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Discourage the demand for
organ trafficking through effective regulation of altruistic organ matching
organizations, addressing, as much as possible, for donor wait times, as well
as monitoring of hospitals for illegal transplantations and identification of
clandestine makeshift operating rooms; spread awareness of health risks related
to trafficked transplant organs.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addressing trafficking in the context of
conflict and humanitarian emergencies <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Integrate into conflict
and disaster-risk reduction, preparedness and response plans, existing and new
risk factors of women and girls to trafficking, including sexual exploitation,
ensuring they are provided with comprehensive protection and assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">66.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Address issues of
vulnerability that displaced families experience, including economic
insecurity, access to quality education and livelihoods and legal identity
documentation, stereotypes about gender roles, harmful masculinities and
unequal power relations, perceptions about family honour and girls’ protection
from being trafficked for sexual purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">67.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prevent trafficking and sexual exploitation in
all accommodation facilities for displaced women and girls, including by
training facility staff to identify potential victims, and ensuring women’s and
girls’ security by establishing single-sex accommodations and facilities,
patrolling of police officers, including female officers, ensuring adequate
lighting and access to sanitary facilities, and establishing resource centres
for women and girls in their vicinity.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">68.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Adopt a zero tolerance
policy on trafficking and sexual exploitation forced labour, slavery,
slavery-like practices based on international human rights standards, which
addresses groups such as national troops, peacekeeping forces, border police,
immigration officials and humanitarian actors and other staff members of
international organizations and international civil society organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">69.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure access to complaint
procedures and redress mechanisms in cases of human rights violations.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">70.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Addressing the gendered
impact of international transfers of arms, especially small and illicit arms,
including through the ratification and implementation of the Arms Trade Treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addressing the use of digital technology in
trafficking<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">71.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Call for responsibility of
social media and messaging platform companies for exposure of women and girls
to trafficking and sexual exploitation as users of their services. Require that
these companies define the relevant controls to mitigate these risks and put in
place the appropriate governance structure and procedures which will allow them
to be reactive in their response and provide the relevant level of information
to the concerned authorities. Require also that companies use their existing
capabilities in big data, intelligence artificial and analytics to identify any
pattern that could lead to trafficking and identification of the involved
parties, including the demand side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">72.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties should call
for the existing digital technology companies to increase transparency. At the
same time, States parties should aim to initiate and create, for example as
part of the central banks’ systems, platforms for the use of electronic
currencies that are based on disclosed user information (beneficial owner,
ordering costumer and services or good related to the transactions). Ensure
that anti-money laundering laws are effectively implemented in order to
disincentivize the use electronic currencies which are based on user anonymity.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">73.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Initiate proactive
identification of production of on-line sexual abuse material during the
COVID-19 and afterwards; cooperate with technology companies in creating
automated tools to detect online recruitment and identify traffickers;
strengthen partnerships between public and private sectors to address pandemic-related
increases of this crime.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">74.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Call for information
sharing between digital interactive platforms in order to facilitate
international cooperation in combating trafficking and sexual exploitation and
assist law enforcement efforts. Improve data collection, ensure that data is up
to date and provide reliable information sharing.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Awareness-raising <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">75.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Provide accurate
information to members of the public particularly targeting women and girls in
situations of disadvantage, those living in remote and border areas and those <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en route</i> or in a destination context,
about their rights and the means and motivation to avoid human traffickers,
including through evidence-informed, accessible communication campaigns based
on a clear understanding of community risk factors and the barriers faced by
community members in protecting themselves and others from trafficking,
particularly in the context of migration, so they can identify and report
potential traffickers and access service providers when they feel vulnerable to
trafficking or exploitation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upholding victims’ rights <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Victim identification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">76.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Address the adverse
collateral effects of anti-trafficking efforts by ensuring that innocent women
and girls are not arbitrarily arrested, abused and falsely charged,
particularly women from marginalized groups and women in prostitution,
including through any raids conducted by law enforcement authorities with a
view to dismantling trafficking networks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">77.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Create national guidelines
which are updated on a regular basis for early identification, provision of
services and referral of victims or presumed victims that are benchmarked
against international standards, integrating a rights-based, victim-centered,
age- and gender-sensitive and trauma-informed approach and which is uniformly
applicable at international borders and throughout the territory of the State
party by all relevant state and non-state actors. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">78.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Identification, access to
assistance and referral is to be performed by multidisciplinary teams including
professionals from all relevant fields, the composition of which can be adapted
to the circumstances of the case, and should not be exclusively led by law
enforcement or immigration authorities or being linked to the initiation or
outcomes of criminal proceedings but based on the personal and social
vulnerabilities of victims and potential victims.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">79.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Provide updated and
consistent training to professionals from all relevant fields on the causes,
consequences and incidence of trafficking in women and girls and different
forms of exploitation, and on the content and effective implementation of
national guidelines on victim identification, provision of services and
referral systems to facilitate the safe, confidential and non-discriminatory
screening and referral of victims, including non-nationals, after obtaining
their informed consent. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">80<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Strengthen the health
systems’ capacities for early identification and intervention for women and
girls, irrespective of migration status, at risk of trafficking and for
trafficking victims, ensuring confidential and safe access to free healthcare,
based on trauma-informed and survivor-centered care as informed by
international standards. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">81.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Collaborate with civil
society organizations including through strengthening their human, technical
and financial resources, to ensure that victims of trafficking are identified,
assisted and protected at an early stage, including through the operation of mobile
units, and the availability of safe disclosure and safe spaces, particularly
targeting sites where displaced and migrant women and girls are accommodated,
registered or detained. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">82.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Assess the impact of the
national legal and policy framework, particularly with respect to the
application of immigration, asylum, labour, health, education and social
protection frameworks on trafficking victims, to ensure they do not adversely
affect victim identification, assistance, protection and social inclusion/reintegration,
and do not increase women and girls’ vulnerability to trafficking,
retrafficking, detention, forced return or other forms of harm. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">83.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Address disincentives for
victims to seek assistance including through establishing a firewall between
immigration enforcement, the criminal justice system and all care and support
services, and ensuring that victims of and those vulnerable to trafficking can
safely go to the authorities, without fear for negative consequences, such as
prosecution, punishment, detention or deportation for immigration, labour or
other offences related to their being a victim of trafficking. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <i> </i></span><i>(ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Application of other protection frameworks</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">84.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Improve cross-border
collaboration, coordination and knowledge exchange among border control, law enforcement,
child and social protection authorities and non-governmental organizations, to
provide displaced and migrant women and girls with appropriate and sufficient
reception facilities and services by reflecting gender and trauma-sensitivity
in arrangements for arrivals at land, air and sea borders, including the
provision of safe accommodation and adequate treatment taking into
consideration the need for skilled personnel to adequately screen and identify
for potential victims of trafficking as well as ensuring the necessary measures
are in place to respond to the specific protection needs of victims of
trafficking, including access to consular protection.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">85.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure that all governance
measures taken at international borders including those aimed at addressing
irregular migration and combating transnational organized crime are in
accordance with the principle of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-refoulement
</i>and the prohibition of arbitrary and collective expulsions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">86.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Build the capacity and
facilitate the periodic updated training of law enforcement staff, including
police, immigration and border control officers, as well as professionals
working in and around areas where women and girls facing or at risk of distress
migration and displacement are located on their role in ensuring adequate
protection to this group, by establishing procedures to identify possible
trafficking victims, including those suspected of association with or returning
from territory under the control of non-state armed groups. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">87.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Apply a due diligence
framework to the risk assessment conducted by multidisciplinary teams for the
identification and protection of trafficked women and girls from further rights
violations. This includes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Providing
access to statelessness status determination procedures and granting legal
status and protection to stateless women and girls, including protection
against forcible return to their country of origin;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Developing
regular coordination between the asylum procedures and the trafficking
protection systems such that when both grounds are recognized, women and girls
have access to both refugee status and protection as victims or potential
victims of trafficking;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Carrying
out screenings of displaced and migrant women and girls suspected of breaches
of national labour, immigration or criminal laws, and those held in places of
deprivation of liberty, particularly in detention centers for undocumented
migrants;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Establishing
indicators to identify trafficked women and girls, especially sexually
exploited women and girls, in areas affected by armed conflict to ensure
trafficking victims are not inadvertently placed in detention or removal
proceedings;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(e)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Providing
refugees, including victims of human trafficking in armed conflict, with the
option to document their cases for future legal action to hold traffickers
accountable.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">88.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Recognize that in specific
cases trafficking in women and girls may be considered gender-related
persecution, with the result that victims or potential victims are informed of
and effectively enjoy the right of access to fair, efficient, trauma-informed
and clear asylum procedures without discrimination or any preconditions,
regardless of country of origin or mode of entry into the State party or their
participation in criminal proceedings. Interpret the ground for persecution of
victims under the 1951 Convention in line with the UNHCR Guidelines on
international protection: No. 1 (Gender), No. 7 (Trafficking), No. 8 (Child
Asylum Claims) and No. 9 (diverse SOGI). <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">89.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties are
obligated to protect victims of trafficking, especially women and girls, from
revictimization. This includes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Guaranteeing
trafficking victims protection against forcible return to their places of
origin where:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(i)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
is not an appropriate durable solution for victims due to fear of <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>being retrafficked or
experiencing stigma, threats, intimidation, violence <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and retaliation; <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(ii)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They
may face persecution and/ or violations of the right to life or the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>prohibition
against torture; <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protecting
children born of trafficking from re-victimization and stigmatization,
including through clarifying and securing the legal status of undocumented
children, providing comprehensive support and ensuring they are not separated
from their mothers.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">90.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Girls who are at risk of
being re-trafficked should not be returned to their country of origin unless it
is in their best interests and appropriate measures for their protection have
been taken including a risk and security assessment to ensure a safe return,
the availability of long-term reintegration support in the country of return,
comprising of access to healthcare, education and/or vocational training, and
protection from discrimination and re-trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">91.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Improve cooperation with
receiving states to ensure the voluntary repatriation of citizens and permanent
residents who have been trafficked abroad where they wish to return,
facilitated through standardized processes and effective communication between
authorities and officials involved in this process, ensuring that the receiving
country complies with international standards for protection of and assistance
to victims of trafficking. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Non-criminalization and non-conditionality<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">92.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Based on human rights and
humanitarian grounds, provide access to free legal aid, grant where possible a
reflection and recovery period and residence permit pending formal
identification to enable trafficked women and their dependents to take part in
recovery and reintegration measures, that must be inclusive and accessible,
that are not made conditional on their participation in the criminal justice
process or the obtaining of a conviction against traffickers, including
appropriate individualized, gender- and child-sensitive and trauma-informed
emergency and longer-term access to accommodation, welfare benefits,
educational and employment opportunities, high quality medical care, including
sexual and reproductive health services and counseling, no-cost issuance of
official identification documents, family reunification measures and to asylum
procedures where relevant. Grant girl victims an indefinite period residence
permit in line with their best interests to access a durable solution, which is
sustainable and secure in the long-term.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">93.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Provide immediate access
to a sufficient number of adequately funded, well-equipped, shelters, and
separate units for victims of sexual violence and enforced prostitution within
shelters and crisis centres, which are safe, accessible, and appropriate for
trafficked women and girls, including women accompanied by children, with
specially trained staff that focus on the provision of tailored assistance to
victims according to standard operating procedures ensuring their dignified
treatment in a confidential manner. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">94.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure that assistance
services and social inclusion programmes for all women impacted by trafficking
are provided on an informed and voluntary basis and victims, neither their
children, are not forcibly kept or detained in shelters or “rehabilitation”
programmes against their will, in compulsory protective detention, including
for witness testimony purposes. In the exceptional case that limitations are
placed on women’s freedom of movement for security considerations such
limitations should be restricted to the shortest period. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">95.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Support community-based
programmes for reintegration and social inclusion of women and girl victims of
trafficking, including access to safe and affordable independent accommodation,
creation of a work quota for victims in state agencies, and inclusion of
victims in the list of priority groups for access to social programs, and
access to the redemption of tax debts.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">96.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure that the principle
of the best interests of the child is a primary consideration in decision making
for all girl victims of trafficking, including non-nationals, that their right
to be heard is respected, they are guaranteed access to developmentally- and
age-appropriate protection and support services that are integrated,
interdisciplinary, and include individualized case management, to family
tracing, and reunification of unaccompanied and separated children, and that
children are never criminalised or detained. Carry out age assessments only as
a measure of last resort and in a manner that is multi-disciplinary,
scientifically and culturally appropriate, child- and gender-sensitive and, for
all unaccompanied or separated girls, overseen by a qualified guardian. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">97.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Counter stereotypical
attitudes and discrimination towards women and girl victims of trafficking and
sexual exploitation, particularly migrants, by providing trauma informed,
gender- and child-sensitivity training for individuals tasked with providing
assistance and protection services, including to relevant local and State level
authorities, public and private recruitment agencies and employers, the police,
border officers, immigration, embassy and consular authorities, labour
inspectors, social workers, health-care providers and child protection
agencies. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">98.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure that all women and
girl victims of trafficking, without exception, are not subject to arrest,
charge, detention, prosecution or penalty or are otherwise punished for
irregular entry or stay in countries of transit and destination, absence of
documentation, or for their involvement in unlawful activities to the extent
that such involvement is a direct consequence of their situation as victims of
trafficking. The non-punishment principle must:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Be
enshrined in legislation and implemented through proper training to ensure
responders are able to identify trafficking victims for such relief;</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Not
compel victims to provide evidence or testimony in exchange for immunity from
prosecution redress or services;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Provide
recourse for trafficking victims to clear their criminal records in cases where
they have been convicted of crimes that were committed as a direct consequence
of being a victim of trafficking.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Right to information about rights and legal
assistance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">99.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Provide all women and
girls with accessible information in a format they can understand about their
rights under the Convention and its Optional Protocol, the legal provisions
protecting them from trafficking and exploitation and corresponding remedies to
complain about violations of those rights, how to gain access to them, their
entitlements to continued assistance and protection including hotlines that are
operational 24/7, free to legal aid, advice and representation in judicial and
quasi-judicial processes in all fields of law. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H23G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Right to a remedy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">100.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure facilitated access
to inclusive age- and gender-sensitive complaints and justice mechanisms,
including through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate
accommodations, for all women and girl victims of trafficking, including
non-citizens, by providing effective channels for seeking protection and
redress for violations of their rights by creating adequate conditions to bring
complaints without fear of reprisals, arrest, detention or deportation. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">101.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure that that
trafficked women and girls have a legally enforceable right to affordable,
accessible and timely remedies through the criminal, civil and labour courts
and administrative proceedings, including to compensation, back wages and other
tailored reparations, that are not made conditional on confiscation of assets
from their traffickers and which shall be guaranteed under the conditions
provided for in the domestic law for victims. Compensation as a victim of crime
should have no impact on social assistance received by victims or as provided
by another other State program.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gender-sensitive court proceedings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">102.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Guarantee all trafficked
women and girls a fair hearing and due process in administrative and judicial
proceedings, including detention and expulsion proceedings, ensuring they are
heard, informed and consulted throughout the hearing and have access to
adequate trauma-informed, culturally-specific and gender- and age-sensitive
accommodations, support and protection to enable them to testify against their
traffickers.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">103.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Safeguard the right to privacy
of trafficked girls; ensuring they are continuously informed and can exercise
their right to be heard. Ensure their right to special protection in court
proceedings through the provision of specialized child-sensitive legal
assistance to simplify testifying procedures and prevent additional trauma,
including by appointing victim advocates, social workers or legal guardians.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">104.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fund and support the
effective implementation of protection systems for trafficked women and girls,
their family members, witnesses and informants, to safeguard against threats
and retaliation</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">from trafficking networks both during and after legal proceedings,
including through witness protection programmes, needs-based court procedures,
and temporary residence permits for non-citizens and their dependents,
irrespective of their cooperation in the prosecution. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">105.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Promptly investigate,
prosecute and adequately punish both those directly involved in trafficking and
those negligent in dealing with or preventing trafficking cases, including
alleged corruption of government officials and the private sector, ensuring the
sanctions imposed are commensurate with the gravity of the crime and the degree
of responsibility of the offender. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">106.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Ensure the effective
prosecution and adequately punishment of traffickers of women and girls through
the design, implementation and periodic evaluation of multisectorial
capacity-building programmes for all court officials and support staff on the
trauma-informed age-, gender- and culturally-sensitive, human rights-based
application of anti-trafficking legislation and treatment of victims.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">107.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties are
encouraged to systematize their criminal justice and judicial cooperation,
including harmonizing legal procedures for mutual legal assistance, extradition
and the confiscation and return of proceeds of crime, with countries of origin,
transit and destination for trafficking in women and girls. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">108.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Build and adequately
resource cross-agency investigative teams to track the financial flows
generated by trafficking in women and girls and redistribute any confiscated
proceeds of such criminal conduct to victims as compensation for the human
rights violations that they have suffered. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data collection and legislative, policy and
institutional framework <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">109.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Establish
partnerships between anti-trafficking, migration and development practitioners,
</span><span lang="EN-GB">international organizations and women and girl-focused
civil society stakeholders, including community based organisations of groups
affected by trafficking and/or anti trafficking measures, to systematically
collect, exchange, analyse and publish data with the objective of developing an
understanding of trends in trafficking of women and girls, and implementing
targeted, evidenced-based strategies in its prevention, in enhancing the prompt
gender-responsive, human rights- and needs-based assistance to victims and in
ensuring their protection and reparation. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">110.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Disaggregate data
collected on both victims and perpetrators of trafficking on all parameters
considered relevant (including by sex, age, disability, ethnicity, nationality,
immigration status, location, socioeconomic status</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">and all forms of exploitation) under
indicator 16.2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals, where permitted by
national law. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">111.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">All measures for data
collection, storage, sharing or dissemination must be carried out in a legal
and ethical manner with due accordance to international standards on privacy
and confidentiality. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">112.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Adopt and implement
comprehensive victim-centered, child and gender-sensitive anti-trafficking
legislation that provides a harmonized approach to criminalizing trafficking at
all jurisdiction levels, ensuring that it: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fully
complies with international human rights standards, including the Convention,
this general recommendation, the United Nations Trafficking Protocol and
applicable regional instruments;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Codifies
that victim consent shall not be a defense to trafficking;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Where
not already penalized in other national laws, aims to combat trafficking for
purposes of, among others, child, forced and servile marriage, domestic
servitude, debt bondage, serfdom, begging, forced or compulsory labour, slave
trading, slavery, sexual exploitation and commercial sexual exploitation, abusive
surrogacy practices and the sale of children, trafficking in organs, tissues
and cells, including trafficking in human eggs, and forced criminality;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Addresses
contemporary methods of trafficking, including those using information and
communications technologies, including social media;</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">(e)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Promotes
patrimonial investigation as a key tool to fight trafficking;<a name="_Hlk40436569"></a><a name="_Hlk39772246"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk40436569;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></b></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk40436569;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk39772246;"></span>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(f)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Is
developed, implemented, monitored and evaluated to assess its impact, with the
active participation of women and girls affected by human trafficking. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">113.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Adopt a result-oriented
evidence-led, gender-responsive, rights-based and victim-centered comprehensive
anti-trafficking national plan of action, ensuring it is:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">In
compliance with the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights Recommended Principles and Guidelines: on Human Rights and Human
Trafficking, on Migrants in Vulnerable Situations, and on Human Rights at
International Borders;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harmonized
with the national action plans on gender equality, on combating violence
against women, on women, peace and security, on migration and asylum management
and on sustainable development;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adequately
funded and regularly assessed.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">114.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Establish a National
Referral Mechanism with the objective to coordinate the alignment of all
relevant national policies in ensuring an effective and human rights-based
approach to combatting trafficking in women and girls, ensuring it is
operationalized by a dedicated and fully funded Secretariat responsible for the
harmonization of clear information management and coordination structures
between relevant local and national authorities (including migration, asylum
and labour officials), national human rights institutions, the private sector
and civil society organizations engaged in combatting trafficking in women and
girls, to develop a common response, including comprehensive standard operating
procedures outlining relevant legal obligations, referral procedures, roles and
responsibilities.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">115.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Establish an independent
National Rapporteur on Human Trafficking to track and report on the progress of
gender-transformative anti-trafficking strategies. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB">E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dissemination
and reporting <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">116.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">The Committee underscores the need to accelerate the implementation
of all the provisions of the Convention in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development and the recommendations emanating from the Beijing +25
review, as a means to induce transformative and radical change in women’s
exercise of their autonomy and self-determination.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">117.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties are recommended to include information in their
periodic reports to the Committee on the strategies implemented to promote and
protect the human rights of women and girls in their anti-trafficking response.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">118.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">The United Nations specialized agencies, rapporteurs and experts are
invited to provide country and region-specific input to the Committee on the
situation of trafficking and sexual exploitation in women and girls in the
context of global migration and protection and recovery measures taken as
appropriate to the State party under review.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">119.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties’ are encouraged to report on their strategies to
implement a gender-transformative anti-trafficking response to other
mechanisms: Universal Periodic Review process of the United Nations Human
Rights Council; High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development; Global
Compact on Safe, Regular and Orderly Migration; and the Mechanism for the
Review of Implementation of the Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime and the Protocols Thereto. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">120.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">This general recommendation should be translated into local
languages and disseminated widely to all branches of government, civil society,
the media, academic institutions, women’s, girls’ and migrant’s rights
organizations, the private sector and financial institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>F.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Treaty ratification or accession <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">121.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties are encouraged to ratify or accede to the:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Optional
Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protocol
to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and
Children and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and
Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Optional
Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children,
Child Prostitution and Child Pornography;<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members
of Their Families;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(e)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ILO
Labour rights framework for the governance of labour migration and protection
of migrant workers: Domestic Workers Convention C189 and Recommendation 201 on
Decent Work for Domestic Workers; Convention C190 on Ending Violence and
Harassment in the World of Work; Forced Labour Conventions (No. 29) 1930 and
(No. 105) 1957, Protocol (P029) 2014 and Recommendation (R203) 2014;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(f)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1951
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees; 1967 Protocol relating to the
Status of Refugees; 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(g)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1926
Slavery Convention and its Supplementary Convention of 1956;</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(h)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1949
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the
Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">122<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">States parties are urged to endorse the 2016 New York Declaration
for Refugees and Migrants including the Global Compacts on Refugees and for
Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration.</span></b><u><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"><b>https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</b></span></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b><p></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-53360550347549510872020-11-24T00:00:00.006+01:002020-11-24T00:00:00.338+01:00VI. Victims’ access to justice 6/7<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiP-USMKDZEl-ABYh2WxQm5TD4CyBCTr-jHQABoJm72EISXybmxNIzL_PU1VSPmNggOlODxMJDJzYK8rv8JuibD8rFT7X1M_fH15fnzJ2MEs4fpyKaFbt11sv3WhTXDirjDIkfA0LpQSY/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiP-USMKDZEl-ABYh2WxQm5TD4CyBCTr-jHQABoJm72EISXybmxNIzL_PU1VSPmNggOlODxMJDJzYK8rv8JuibD8rFT7X1M_fH15fnzJ2MEs4fpyKaFbt11sv3WhTXDirjDIkfA0LpQSY/s16000/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">42.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Trafficked women and girls,
including those who do not hold an immigration status, must be ensured access
to justice on the basis of equality and non-discrimination including the
prosecution of their perpetrators and provision of remedies. However, existing
justice systems may be more likely to violate women’s rights than to protect
them, including by subjecting victims to criminalization, stigmatization,
revictimization, harassment and possible retribution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Remedies for victims of trafficking</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Article 2(b) of the Convention
obligates States parties to provide appropriate and effective remedies,
including restitution, recovery, compensation, satisfaction and guarantees of
non-repetition, to women whose Convention rights have been violated. Victims of
trafficking often encounter significant difficulties in claiming compensation
and other forms of reparation, including damages, for the harm suffered for
reasons including where: it is made conditional upon cooperation with law enforcement
authorities; victims do not have access to high-quality, gender-sensitive,
trauma informed legal aid and representation; residency permits are tied to
criminal justice processes and repatriation occurs prior to seeking or
obtaining civil remedies; the victim bears the burden of proof in civil claims;
survivors of trafficking are not identified as victims of a crime for the
purpose of reparations owed under law; or where monetary compensation is
unavailable or the proceeds of crimes are not redistributed to victims.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b>B. Investigations, prosecutions and punishment
of perpetrators</b></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Obstacles to prosecution include
lack of special court procedures to accommodate victims’ needs, deficiencies in
the quality of justice systems including gender bias and victim-blaming
rhetoric in courts resulting in discriminatory judgments or decisions, explicit
or implicit social acceptance of gender-based violence against women, delays
and excessive length of proceedings, corruption of State officials and their
implication in crime and ignorance of demand for all forms of exploitation,
including sexual exploitation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Committee acknowledges the
complexity and the high level of skill required to investigate and prosecute
allegations of trafficking in women and girls that may implicate criminal
networks operating transnationally. The transnational nature of human
trafficking and migration requires cooperation by all affected countries and
their participation in an effective and appropriate international response to
protect the rights of victims. States parties have a duty to accept and
facilitate the voluntary return of their nationals trafficked abroad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Committee condemns the use of
anti-trafficking interventions to justify violence against specific groups of
women, particularly in the case of violent raids and entrapment operations by
law enforcement authorities conducted with a view to dismantling trafficking
networks.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en">https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</a></span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-40600904350747139182020-11-23T22:25:00.005+01:002020-11-23T22:25:00.376+01:00V. Assistance and protection for women and girl victims of trafficking 5/7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8luM4diTgWajKsFdk9H8TtCNySdJa5rdL9wUewn7qCDO7q7JLiEjHY74pM377qbNyWzunsn_AYdPTWlMgtlTHM0cbzSdVF4ioZrsLApS8CGeUKOdFG0E2dTqc8ocEQIpun21W0rsvzv8/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8luM4diTgWajKsFdk9H8TtCNySdJa5rdL9wUewn7qCDO7q7JLiEjHY74pM377qbNyWzunsn_AYdPTWlMgtlTHM0cbzSdVF4ioZrsLApS8CGeUKOdFG0E2dTqc8ocEQIpun21W0rsvzv8/s16000/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"> <b> A. Victim identification</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">International human rights law
imposes positive obligations on States to identify victims of trafficking. This
duty is placed firmly on States irrespective of the lack of self-identification
by a victim. Victims are often hidden in non-public areas such as private
residences, isolated factories and farms, and brothels. Front-line
professionals often lack the required training to adequately understand,
identify and appropriately respond to all types of victims, including to
survivors of sexual exploitation and intersecting forms of exploitation. . In
mixed migration flows, hotspots lack appropriate and confidential spaces to
carry out identification performed by trained staff and interpreters who can
promptly assess indicators of vulnerability and provide adequate support.
Survivors are often reluctant to self-identify and disclose their traffickers
for fear of retaliation, due to lack of information on the crime and where to
report it, and fear of engaging with authorities, including being detained,
prosecuted, punished and deported.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"> <b> B. Victim assistance and protection</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Trafficking victims have a special
status and a right to special assistance and protection measures provided by
the State. Long term, needs-based, comprehensive victim-centered assistance and
protection measures are often lacking in anti-trafficking responses due to poor
victim identification and insufficient definition and implementation of
trafficking in national law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Trafficking victims are in need of
immediate availability and quality support services, that must be inclusive and
accessible, including access to information on their rights, medical,
psychological, social and legal services available to them and how to access
them as well as to safe and appropriate accommodation. Yet they often face
restricted access to essential services, both in the place in which they are
identified and in their place of origin for reasons of: cost and language delivery
of services, lack of gender or cultural sensitivity and trauma-informed
practices; failure of first responders to conduct appropriate risk assessments
and referrals; fear of being forced into a rehabilitation program or
cooperation with law enforcement authorities in the prosecution of traffickers;
fear of prosecution for crimes committed as a consequence of having been
trafficked or for immigration offences. Adequate assistance must be provided to
women and girls with disabilities who are a particularly vulnerable group to be
trafficked.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">States parties are obligated to
protect victims of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, from
revictimization. This includes guaranteeing trafficking victims’ protection
against forcible return. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="HChG"><br /></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-7810948034499278012020-11-22T00:00:00.019+01:002020-11-22T00:00:02.009+01:00IV. Root causes of trafficking in women and girls 4/7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD6PDzUmXwTd64VviCW_dD4TaF1BgNQzXfmjndF71ZK6PRerFi7Z37Xb7AQarFVjX2C1TfuYTwkXzy7q1iefEtwvfKsvX-oYzUU4eWdJTGYYhiOj1EkVdqF2KmnSaLII0t2uN894KVby4/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD6PDzUmXwTd64VviCW_dD4TaF1BgNQzXfmjndF71ZK6PRerFi7Z37Xb7AQarFVjX2C1TfuYTwkXzy7q1iefEtwvfKsvX-oYzUU4eWdJTGYYhiOj1EkVdqF2KmnSaLII0t2uN894KVby4/w370-h640/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" width="370" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p class="HChG"><span lang="EN-GB">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Root
causes of trafficking in women and girls<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Identifying, addressing and
eliminating the following root causes are key to States parties’ obligations to
prevent trafficking and sexual exploitation in women and girls in the context
of global migration: (a) systemic gender-based discrimination creating the
economic and social injustice experienced disproportionately by women and
girls; (b) situations of conflicts and humanitarian emergencies, including,
consequent displacement; (c) discrimination in migration and asylum regimes;
and, (d) the demand that fosters exploitation and leads to trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Criminal law alone is unable to
address or redress the crime of trafficking due to uneven harmonization of
laws, including the definition of trafficking both between countries and within
countries, complexity of the financial operations, powerlessness of justice
systems which are often corrupt, underfunded and under resourced to fight
against powerful trafficking nets. An effective anti-trafficking response
ensuring women and girls are able to exercise their fundamental rights must
therefore engage all substantive provisions of the Convention read within the
international human rights treaty framework.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b> </b></span><b>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Socio-economic injustice </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Trafficking in women and girls is
rooted in sex and gender-based discrimination, gender-based structural
inequality and the feminization of poverty. Significantly, women and girls most
vulnerable to being trafficked belong to marginalized groups whose life
experience is marked by serious rights deprivation. These include: women and
girls living in rural and remote areas, indigenous and ethnic minority
communities, those with disabilities, with an irregular migration status, as
well as those who are displaced, stateless or at risk of statelessness,
refugees, asylum-seekers (including those whose claims have been rejected),
living in or coming from conflict or post-conflict settings; and, for girls,
without care or in alternative care. These groups often experience social,
political and economic exclusion in the form of being impoverished, uneducated
or under-educated, unregistered or undocumented, unemployed or underemployed,
carrying the burden of household and childcare responsibilities, restricted in
their access to State benefits, protection and services, having experienced
intimate partner and domestic violence, abuse and neglect in their family
environment, care institutions or subjected to child and forced and servile
marriage or deprivations due to widowhood. These situations can be aggravated
by the acquisition of an impairment or a severe illness as consequence of
trafficking including sexual exploitation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Women and girls continue to be the
prime targets of traffickers for specific forms of exploitation due to
pervasive and persistent gender and age inequalities resulting in an economic,
social and legal status that is lower in comparison to that which is enjoyed by
men and boys. Violations of all Convention rights may be found at the root of
trafficking of women and girls and need to be addressed as part of a
gender-transformative approach that empowers women and girls by promoting their
civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights in line with Sustainable
Development Goals 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 16. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b> </b></span><b>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discrimination in migration and asylum
regimes</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Migration is a constitutive element
of modern society and can be empowering for women if they are able to migrate
and work in conditions that respect their dignity. While it presents new social
and economic opportunities for many women migration may also place their human
rights and security at risk, particularly if compelled to travel through
irregular channels and/or result in an irregular migration situation. Women and
girls face an increased risk of being trafficked at all stages of the migration
cycle, in transit, in reception and accommodation facilities, at borders and in
destination countries. Upon return they may experience reprisals and
revictimisation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While States have a sovereign
prerogative to manage their borders and regulate migration they must do so in
full compliance with their obligations as parties to the human rights treaties
they have ratified or acceded to. That includes transparency and accountability
in the ways States govern migration and provide safe pathways guaranteeing the
human rights of women throughout all stages of migration. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sex-specific or discriminatory
migration and asylum policies establishing measures such as increased border
control, refusal of entry, pushbacks, expulsion or detention limit the movement
of women and girls fleeing from crises and conflict zones. This heightens their
vulnerability to all forms of exploitation, particularly at points of transit,
not least due to an increased need to use the services of human smugglers or
other types of underground or criminal networks in order to move, both
internally as well as internationally to evade border controls. Girls
unaccompanied or separated from their families or other support structures due
to displacement are particularly vulnerable to being trafficked. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Committee reaffirms that
displacement has specific gender dimensions and the Convention applies at every
stage of the displacement cycle, during flight, settlement and return. It has
recognized that gender-based violence against women and girls is one of the
major forms of persecution experienced by women and girls that may be grounds
for granting refugee status and asylum, and/or residence on humanitarian
grounds. Trafficking in women and girls breaches specific provisions of the
Refugee Convention and should therefore in specific cases be recognized as a
legitimate ground for international protection in law and in practice.
Furthermore, women and girl refugees are highly vulnerable to trafficking and
are in need of international protection, especially against refoulement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">26.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gender-neutral provisions in States’
migration policies contribute to limiting women’s access to safe and regular
migration pathways and to regular and decent job opportunities in transit and
destination countries. Women’s ability to migrate is further restricted by
gender-based stereotypes, discriminatory laws, discrimination and exploitation
in recruitment, lack of available decent work, limited reliable information on
migration. Migrant women also face indirect discrimination from migration laws
which sometimes have requisites such as a mandatory minimum income in order to
obtain a visa. Since women are often employed in low-waged and insecure
employment this makes it difficult for some women to satisfy these criteria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Visa regimes may be responsible for
creating an economic and legal dependency on an employer or spouse, creating
the conditions for exploitation and for sponsors to operate with impunity.
Temporary or seasonal work in which migrant women are often engaged may not
offer pathways to more regular, long-term or permanent employment and often
does not offer unemployment protection, healthcare and access to other
gender-responsive social protection and essential services. Notably,
sex-specific migration bans or restrictions, designed to ‘protect women from
trafficking’, often heighten the risk of women becoming victims of trafficking
as they seek alternative ways to migrate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A disproportionate number of migrant
women are engaged in informal and precarious employment, particularly in
sectors categorised as “low-skilled” such as care, domestic, manufacturing
services. In these sectors, sex-specific migration rules and policies intersect
with racial discrimination to perpetuate sex-based stereotypes about what
constitutes “women’s work” and discrimination against women. These
gender-segregated labour markets do not offer decent and safe working
conditions as they are either part of the unregulated informal economy or, where
regulated, provide fewer protections than national standards. Women migrants,
in particular domestic and farm workers, may be confined to their place of work
and have little access to information about their rights and entitlements
thereby exposing them to severe human rights violations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b> </b></span><b>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Demand that fosters exploitation and leads
to trafficking </b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Strategies aimed at preventing
trafficking must take into account demand as a root cause. Failure to recognize
the demand is acknowledged to be one of the barriers to States addressing human
trafficking. Demand in the context of trafficking is often shaped by desire for
financial gain, discriminatory attitudes, including cultural attitudes, and
beliefs. Women may be preferred for certain forms of exploitation because they
are perceived as weak and less likely to assert themselves or to claim the
rights to which they are entitled. Certain ethnic or racial groups may be
targeted for trafficking-related exploitation on the basis of racist or
culturally discriminatory assumptions relating to, for example, their
sexuality, and servility or work capacity. The need to address demand for
certain forms of trafficking is particularly urgent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sexual exploitation persists due to
States parties’ failure to effectively discourage the demand that fosters
exploitation and leads to trafficking. Persisting norms and stereotypes
regarding male domination, the need to assert male control or power, enforce
patriarchal gender roles, male sexual entitlement, coercion and control which
drive the demand for sexual exploitation of women and girls. Massive financial
gains with few risks due to the impunity are still widespread. Paragraph 5 of
Article 9 of the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime obliges states to adopt or
strengthen legislative or other measures to discourage the demand that fosters
all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, that leads
to trafficking. The need to address the demand that fosters sexual exploitation
is especially important in the context of digital technology which exposes
potential victims to increased risk of trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the context of labour as a form
of trafficking in women and girls, demand for trafficking persists due to
insufficient regulatory environment. Where workers are organized and where
labour standards for wages, working hours and conditions, and health and
safety, are monitored and enforced, where economic and social rights, as well
as changes to tax laws so States can finance the public services that women
need are adequately implemented, demand for the labour or services of
trafficked persons is markedly lower.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Medical advancements in organ
transplantation give a chance of surviving to critically ill individuals.
However, the dramatic scarcity of human organs, on the one hand, and a failure
address the legal responsibility of those in the demand and supply chain
encourage unregulated and often enforced organ removals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Situations of conflict and humanitarian
emergencies <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">33.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The obligations of States parties do
not cease in periods of states of emergency resulting from conflict, political
events, health crises or natural disasters. Women and girls are in increased
situations of vulnerability to gender-based violence including trafficking when
they are not able to meet their basic livelihood needs or face economic
desperation, which is often exacerbated in these contexts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Trafficking in women and girls is
exacerbated during and after conflict and humanitarian emergencies owing to
displacement, the breakdown of political, economic and social structures,
instability and insufficient governance, including the absence of the rule of
law, increased militarism, the availability of small arms, weakening or loosing
community and family ties, high incidence of widowhood and the “normalization”
of gender-based violence, including conflict-related sexual violence, as an
aggravating factor of pre-existing structural gender discrimination against
women and girls. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Financial flows to certain terrorist
groups remains a critical component of trafficking especially sexual
exploitation. During humanitarian emergencies governments are often required to
divert resources including the use of policing and social services, making it
easier for traffickers to hide their operations and rendering victims
increasingly invisible as well as making it more difficult for victims to seek
protection, services, assistance and support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="H1G"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b> </b></span><b>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The use of digital technology in
trafficking</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Digital technologies have opened new
possibilities to bring positive impact on the society. At the same time, they
are posing new security challenges at both individual and state levels. The use
of electronic currencies offers tools to hide personal information such as
identification of involved parties and location, and allow to make anonymous
payments without disclosing the purpose of transaction. All of this facilitates
those involved in trafficking. Demand channels through social media, dark web
and messaging platforms provide easy access to potential victims thus
increasing their vulnerability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The use of digital technology for
trafficking poses special problems during global pandemics. Under the COVID-19
State parties face growths of trafficking in cyberspace: an increased
recruitment for sexual exploitation on-line, an increased demand for child
sexual abuse material and technology facilitated child sex trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en">https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</a></span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-62754775232116411072020-11-21T22:06:00.007+01:002020-11-21T22:06:00.343+01:00III. Legal framework 3/7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LSuqBTjrZPbDl53ahcNQ15dG5CFZw-18IODpi4gHqe7_WAAwskM7Uw1agPkKWnsNVKj5ZXIOJpOvAn0vloc6WsPaRD3P3EDUX0eS4IJD2_D5PaWmjS2Kp_xhXB56picF7OWnvK4-nfo/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LSuqBTjrZPbDl53ahcNQ15dG5CFZw-18IODpi4gHqe7_WAAwskM7Uw1agPkKWnsNVKj5ZXIOJpOvAn0vloc6WsPaRD3P3EDUX0eS4IJD2_D5PaWmjS2Kp_xhXB56picF7OWnvK4-nfo/s16000/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p class="HChG"><span lang="EN-GB">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Legal
framework<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Article 6 of the Convention is based
on Article 8 of the 1967 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women, which provides that ‘All appropriate measures,
including legislation, shall be taken to combat all forms of traffic in women
and exploitation prostitution of women’. International law on this question was
codified and developed by the 1949 Convention for the Suppression of the
Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of Others. This legal basis requires
that Article 6 be read as an indivisible provision, which links trafficking and
sexual exploitation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While trafficking is defined as a
criminal offence in international law, States parties’ primary obligation is to
address trafficking in a way that respects, protects and fulfils the human
rights of persons, particularly of marginalized groups, as set out in the core
United Nations human rights treaties, drawing from the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. The 2002 Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights
and Human Trafficking elaborated by the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights, and its 2010 Commentary, further provide an
important soft-law framework for integrating a human rights-based approach in
all anti-trafficking interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Committee affirms that
discrimination against women and girls includes gender-based violence, the
prohibition of which has evolved into a principle of customary international
law. Recognizing the gender-specificity of the forms of trafficking in women
and girls and its consequences, including harms suffered, the Committee
acknowledges that trafficking and exploitation of prostitution in women and
girls is unequivocally a phenomenon rooted in structural sex-based
discrimination, constituting gender-based violence and often exacerbated in the
contexts of displacement, migration, the increased globalization of economic
activities, including global supply chains, the extractive and offshore
industry, militarization, foreign occupation, armed conflict, violent extremism
and terrorism. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The internationally-accepted legal
definition of trafficking in persons is set out in the United Nations
Trafficking Protocol: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 3cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Article 3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 3cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Trafficking in persons” shall mean the
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by
means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or
of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution
of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services,
slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 3cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The consent of a victim of trafficking in
persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this
article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph
(a) have been used.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Committee emphasises that the realities
of trafficking in women and girls extend beyond the scope of the United Nations
Trafficking Protocol. It points to the recent trends and the role of
information communication technology, social media and chat apps in the
recruitment of women and girls and their exploitation. It further acknowledges
that the definition of trafficking in persons extends beyond situations where
physical violence has been used or where the victim’s personal liberty has been
deprived. Its examination of States parties’ reports reveal that the abuse of a
position of vulnerability and the abuse of power are the most common means used
to commit the trafficking crime and that victims are often subjected to
multiple forms of exploitation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Combatting trafficking in women and girls
in the context of global migration requires engagement of the larger protection
framework stemming from international humanitarian law, refugee law, criminal
law, labour and international private law, the statelessness, slavery and slave
trade conventions and international human rights law instruments. The
Convention reinforces and complements the regional and international law regime
for trafficking victims, particularly where explicit gender equality provisions
are absent from international agreements. The Committee recognizes that women
and girls retain concurrent protection of these legal instruments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Trafficking and sexual exploitation
in women and girls is a human rights violation and can be a threat to
international peace and security. The positive obligation of States parties to
prohibit trafficking is reinforced by international criminal law, including the
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which recognizes that
enslavement, sexual slavery and enforced prostitution may be crimes within the
jurisdiction of the Court. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Obligations flowing to non-State
actors to respect the prohibition of trafficking also arise from the peremptory
norm (jus cogens) prohibiting slavery, the slave trade and torture, noting that
in certain cases trafficking in women and girls may amount to such rights
violations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Strategic global action by States to
combat trafficking, especially in women and girls, must happen within
commitments set out in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular
Migration, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as well as
implementation of the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat
Trafficking in Persons and Security Council resolutions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">States parties bear a legal
obligation to respect and ensure the rights laid down in the Convention to
anyone within the power or effective control of that State party, even if not
situated within its territory. The direct obligation of States parties to
prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish acts of trafficking in women and
girls and offer redress to victims extends to the acts or omissions of all
perpetrators, including private persons, family members and intimate partners,
State-mandated actors and officials, organizations or businesses as well as
non-State actors including armed terrorist groups.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en">https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</a></span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-70544299113306362612020-11-20T00:00:00.007+01:002020-11-20T00:00:02.527+01:00 II- Objectives and scope 2/7<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia-wKyVsAIkEVZjWnuFKHLSZB6hIIIBbkGG2tKsJvWif6Zeos9bChkoE3qPdf0DSin_-OFj3p0OIOT0whwct5iecWgZHShuuCD2PCmZmOXyQw0sJu6zOJhPQqFFuZzj5LPOodpa_piV6A/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia-wKyVsAIkEVZjWnuFKHLSZB6hIIIBbkGG2tKsJvWif6Zeos9bChkoE3qPdf0DSin_-OFj3p0OIOT0whwct5iecWgZHShuuCD2PCmZmOXyQw0sJu6zOJhPQqFFuZzj5LPOodpa_piV6A/s16000/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" /></a></div><p class="HChG"><br /></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The Committee is mandated by article
21 of the Convention to develop general recommendations with the aim of
clarifying States parties’ obligation to combat discrimination against women
and girls. The Committee advances that a life free from being trafficked must
be recognized as a human right and appropriate conditions must be created for
that right to be fully exercised by women and girls. States parties must pursue
all appropriate means to eradicate trafficking and exploitation of prostitution
to ensure that laws, systems, regulations and funding are in place to make this
right effective rather than illusory. The Convention’s provisions are mutually
reinforcing to provide complete protection. This recommendation links article 6
of the Convention with all other articles and the Committee’s existing
jurisprudence. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">This general recommendation
contextualizes the implementation of States parties’ obligations to combat all
forms of trafficking as stipulated in Art.6 of the Convention in the context of
global migration. Pathways of human trafficking often align with mixed
migration flows. The Committee highlights the particular vulnerability of
smuggled women and girls to being trafficked and underlines the conditions
created by restrictive migration and asylum regimes pushing migrants towards
irregular pathways. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">6 This general recommendation affirms as a
priority duty of States, both individually and collectively, to prevent women
and girls from exposure to risk of being trafficked. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 0cm;">States are also obliged to
discourage the demand that fosters exploitation and leads to trafficking. It
sets out practical guidance on implementing anti-trafficking interventions that
are based on a gender transformative and intersectional approach, with the
focus on realizing women’s and girls’ human rights as a strategic priority for
achieving sustainable development. It recalls States parties’ obligations under
international law, including the Committee’s jurisprudence, to identify, assist
and protect trafficking survivors, to prevent their revictimization, and to
ensure their access to justice, and punishment of perpetrators.</span></p>
<p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Committee acknowledges that the
causes, consequences and experience of trafficking differ for the girl child,
for adolescent girls and for adult women. It highlights the additional
vulnerability of girls due to the intersecting characteristics of sex and age,
recalling that child victims are entitled to enhanced substantive and
procedural protections under international law. The Committee encourages States
parties to address the full spectrum of these differences, ensuring
age-appropriate and child-centred anti-trafficking responses, where
appropriate.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en">https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</a></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></p><p class="SingleTxtG" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-20322829742615117342020-11-19T00:00:00.006+01:002020-11-20T00:17:12.833+01:00General recommendation No. 38 (2020) on trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration (CEDAW) 1/7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiednh733m3vBeG8PslXficMm40zrqiVHS_4wIVCLE-UrXYeBBfIFRvvPJnp35It0CbBofrnf0I3Y8PSsQ5fhlfK9wZwccWeeJQInipC6x0G9aGHay53HxiXqKBgmfpUv2U1X9wcvpIjuw/s1301/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="753" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiednh733m3vBeG8PslXficMm40zrqiVHS_4wIVCLE-UrXYeBBfIFRvvPJnp35It0CbBofrnf0I3Y8PSsQ5fhlfK9wZwccWeeJQInipC6x0G9aGHay53HxiXqKBgmfpUv2U1X9wcvpIjuw/w370-h640/8e718ee7-a69a-4ccd-99a6-6bdddd1c9a7a.jpg" width="370" /></a></div><br /> I.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Introduction<p></p><p>1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Article 6 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (the Convention) sets out States parties’ legal obligation to “take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women”. Despite the plethora of existing anti-trafficking legal and policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, females continue to comprise the majority of detected victims of trafficking across the world and perpetrators enjoy widespread impunity.</p><p>2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the Committee’s view, this situation persists due to a lack of appreciation of the gender dimensions of trafficking overall and in particular, trafficking in women and girls who are exposed to different types of exploitation, including sexual exploitation. A gendered analysis of the crime reveals that its root causes lie in sex-based discrimination, including the failure to address the prevailing economic and patriarchal structures and the adverse and gender-differentiated impact of States parties’ labour, migration and asylum regimes that create the situations of vulnerability leading to women and girls being trafficked.</p><p>3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Globally dominant economic policies further exacerbate large-scale economic inequality between States and between individuals that manifests as labour exploitation, including denial by corporations, public procurement officials and employers of an obligation to ensure that there are no trafficked persons in their supply/production chain. Globalized macroeconomic and political factors, including the privatization of public goods, deregulated labour markets, the shrinking of the welfare state and austerity measures as part of structural adjustment policies and aid conditionality, often exacerbate unemployment and poverty and produce the economic injustice disproportionately impacting women. Often accompanied by other economic policies, such as reduction in government spending on social services and the privatization of public goods and services, regressive tax shifts and labour market reforms, all severely hamper states’ abilities to implement social policies that lay the basis for dismantling structural inequalities, including gendered inequalities and violations of women’s human rights in different spheres. Reduced social expenditures furthermore shift the responsibilities for basic social services from the government to women. Those factors reinforce, and are perpetuated by, discriminatory cultural and social norms that engender oppression of different groups of women.</p><div>https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/GC/38&Lang=en</div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-34813680536134544172020-11-14T22:58:00.007+01:002020-11-14T22:58:55.805+01:00Goal 5: Gender Equality<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIGNqiu3AdB5PMUQoxSEfuVKAltUzk42YGNj89YXc0kBw4CSFWitjpVJt6RSgWBtclinaXZKJ3zgaKzkOZ0PH5n4JKeZLJpmrlb7ntZ4qz49DXqKke-thIrhZfeYcSmBfw1yr21-RlN0/s1003/gender52.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="761" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIGNqiu3AdB5PMUQoxSEfuVKAltUzk42YGNj89YXc0kBw4CSFWitjpVJt6RSgWBtclinaXZKJ3zgaKzkOZ0PH5n4JKeZLJpmrlb7ntZ4qz49DXqKke-thIrhZfeYcSmBfw1yr21-RlN0/s16000/gender52.JPG" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcCwPBpLII5VWp2mTt_W3KkLnQvORqysPHhs3toTBQrnj-cNL0QY5OkdcRIZuO_fND_nfhjeQyshN2x1IvoOwC7KRwV9_YZLkC0QSX9gSX14ZV3k2slYaO7S2CeJscCVYzsF36sBQVnw/s1033/gender+5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="813" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcCwPBpLII5VWp2mTt_W3KkLnQvORqysPHhs3toTBQrnj-cNL0QY5OkdcRIZuO_fND_nfhjeQyshN2x1IvoOwC7KRwV9_YZLkC0QSX9gSX14ZV3k2slYaO7S2CeJscCVYzsF36sBQVnw/s16000/gender+5.JPG" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><b>Finding transformative pathways in turbulent times</b><div><br /> The crisis has touched all segments of the population, all sectors of the economy, and all areas of the world. Not surprisingly, it is affecting the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people the most. It has<div>exposed harsh and profound inequalities in our societies and is further exacerbating existing disparities within and among countries. </div><div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>We must hold firm in our convictions </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development to its very core. However, we
must hold firm in our convictions and not let the crisis derail our
hopes and ambitions. In fact, the principles on which the SDGs were
established are key to building back better in the post-COVID-19
recovery. The continued pursuit of these universal Goals will keep
Governments focused on growth, but also on inclusion, equity and
sustainability. Our collective response to the pandemic can serve as
a “warm-up” for our preparedness in preventing an even larger crisis
– that is, global climate change, whose effects are already becoming
all too familiar. Governments and businesses should heed the lessons
learned from this wake-up call to formulate the kinds of transitions
needed to build a healthier, more resilient and more sustainable world.
Central to such transitions are timely and disaggregated data and
statistics, from which effective and equitable measures and policies
can be shaped.</p><p><br /></p></div></div>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-42320273711553011172020-10-25T22:43:00.005+01:002020-10-25T22:43:48.199+01:00Online abortion service, Women on Web, will provide free medical abortions for women with fetal indications in Poland.<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRqs2GZn9CWd6W5YQWrU8iFQJY4kk4S-_ODM_sZy5m9ZzPc1bNSsanTRwk8PCEzsT4XJoqp4vDiMm97byxMJzxNX0a7hYdsUWjdl0G1GdtQUIlkZxmpQlhJ9f0VRCWYnCF-XfF2_qWm8k/s222/unnamed+%252833%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRqs2GZn9CWd6W5YQWrU8iFQJY4kk4S-_ODM_sZy5m9ZzPc1bNSsanTRwk8PCEzsT4XJoqp4vDiMm97byxMJzxNX0a7hYdsUWjdl0G1GdtQUIlkZxmpQlhJ9f0VRCWYnCF-XfF2_qWm8k/w288-h320/unnamed+%252833%2529.jpg" width="288" /></a></p><p><br /></p><p>On October 22, 2020, the Polish Constitutional Court ruled that the people of Poland will no longer be able to legally end their pregnancies in cases of severe fetal malformations. This decision places even greater limitations on Poland’s already strict abortion laws. In response, Women on Web will ensure that Polish women with fetal indications are able to obtain abortion pills for free, in an effort to protect their human rights. Women on Web already supports people with unwanted pregnancies in the first trimester for all reasons.</p><p>The diagnoses of severe fetal malformations are usually made in the second trimester of a pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, the medicines, Mifepristone and Misoprostol, are also safe to use to end pregnancies in the second trimester. Women on Web’s medical staff will provide close supervision to any women who need this service.</p><p>In October 2018, Women on Web submitted an Amicus Curiae, written by Professor Joanna N. Erdman [1] and Professor Rebecca J. Cook [2], to the Polish Constitutional Court.</p><p>The opinion describes the consensus in international human rights law that:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The criminalization of abortion contributes to unsafe abortion, adversely impacts vulnerable and marginalized women, and inherently limits the rights of women to physical and psychological integrity, to dignity and worth as human beings, and to be free from all forms of discrimination. International human rights law supports the progressive decriminalization of abortion to protect the lives and health of women and to improve their quality of life.</li><li>Given that any state action on abortion impacts on the human rights of women, international law sets limits on the state power to criminalize abortion based on principles of non-arbitrariness and proportionality.</li><li>To ensure criminal abortion laws are non-arbitrary and proportionate, international human rights law requires as a minimum the decriminalization of abortion on the ground of risk of serious fetal malformation, and procedural protections to ensure safe and respectful access to services under this ground to the full extent of the law.</li></ul><p></p><p>So far, the Polish government has systematically ignored the decisions of international institutions. Governing bodies such as the European Union, European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Justice, and the Council of Europe, have called on Poland to immediately grant women access to legal abortion care and services. There are severe international concerns that Poland’s current far-right government has totally undermined the rule of law. The European Court of justice even issued an injunction against the implementation of Poland's new law on the Supreme Court, freezing any changes to the existing system. </p><p>The decision of the Constitutional Tribunal is a showcase for the actual state of the rule of law in Poland. This new ruling will nearly ban all abortions in Poland, as approximately 98% of all legal abortions performed in 2019 were done so under the fetal indications clause. </p><p> </p><p>Women on Web, however, will continue to serve the needs of pregnant individuals in Poland and fight against Poland’s violation of its constituents’ human rights. </p><p>"We cannot just stand by these severe human rights violations. Therefore, starting today, in addition to people with unwanted pregnancies in the first trimester, Polish women who are pregnant with severe fetal malformations and wish to end their pregnancies can reach out to Women on Web to receive medical abortions." -Dr Rebecca Gomperts, Director of Women on Web</p><p>For donations please go <a href="https://www.womenonweb.org/en/page/20533/donate-with-paypal">https://www.womenonweb.org/en/page/20533/donate-with-paypal</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/7501/international-experts-condemn-attempt-to-further-restrict-abortion-in-poland">https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/7501/international-experts-condemn-attempt-to-further-restrict-abortion-in-poland</a></p>Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-49486899765854216202020-08-11T00:00:00.000+02:002020-08-11T00:00:00.392+02:00Combating Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjty6wolyO69qxGVwhKohdHDhEhD2xoyxDXTqRM9RpCjVZ3rvMYyUjkT6OquGUITw_ISd-Vw3olFFsx7fFkZI-VdAZ7eoUlPpGe03u5WA1YG8vjzMfuuBHSWjQnR64fj8C3nSCsgUBeiBc/s1600/unnamed+%252827%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="721" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjty6wolyO69qxGVwhKohdHDhEhD2xoyxDXTqRM9RpCjVZ3rvMYyUjkT6OquGUITw_ISd-Vw3olFFsx7fFkZI-VdAZ7eoUlPpGe03u5WA1YG8vjzMfuuBHSWjQnR64fj8C3nSCsgUBeiBc/s1600/unnamed+%252827%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
WUNRN<u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.wunrn.com/&source=gmail&ust=1597061506835000&usg=AFQjCNHTsUJcSXSFKIUQYhbfK8AJQHI67Q" href="http://www.wunrn.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.wunrn.com</a><u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Direct Link to Full 4-Page Document:<u></u><u></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/equalitynow/pages/3412/attachments/original/1596032998/EN-WDATP_Brief.pdf?1596032998&source=gmail&ust=1597061506835000&usg=AFQjCNHKDxjDPIf2xYekfSMoc_n82vfIbQ" href="https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/equalitynow/pages/3412/attachments/original/1596032998/EN-WDATP_Brief.pdf?1596032998" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.<wbr></wbr>cloudfront.net/equalitynow/<wbr></wbr>pages/3412/attachments/<wbr></wbr>original/1596032998/EN-WDATP_<wbr></wbr>Brief.pdf?1596032998</span></a></div>
</div>
Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-72189060192611550082020-08-05T00:41:00.000+02:002020-08-05T00:41:00.938+02:00Turkey - Women's Organizations in Turkey Say NO to Amnesty for Child Sexual Abusers & Child Marriage<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGYUkyMRrgzg4MiUykGPMTWFQVSsylhnTrNQACOkDne3n4dq1EiEoOFtZwGDydBQIFMvCGpYt_1XUEn6MH9LJ61LTXOfiKdWTQCWrpuFW9YMxQ3yflBWq0pf7aL13inxCRKr1qlY0zxNk/s1600/unnamed+%252819%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="859" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGYUkyMRrgzg4MiUykGPMTWFQVSsylhnTrNQACOkDne3n4dq1EiEoOFtZwGDydBQIFMvCGpYt_1XUEn6MH9LJ61LTXOfiKdWTQCWrpuFW9YMxQ3yflBWq0pf7aL13inxCRKr1qlY0zxNk/s1600/unnamed+%252819%2529.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
FULL 3-Page July 2020<br />
<br />
TCK103_no-amnesty%20for%20child%20sex%20abusers_6July.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/turkish-activists-oppose-amnesties-for-child-rapists<br />
WUNRN<br />
<br />
http://www.wunrn.comHortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-46427650156138263332020-08-03T00:00:00.000+02:002020-08-03T00:00:02.370+02:00Canada - Study Shows Homeless Women Are "Invisible" + Major Gaps in Support Systems<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBZ74mQlWjS_mzgaQaf-1jpugX8BeLPTg84i5uYuB5mOZp33Xwe37msHCJac8ClPBNEaoC6IjTyLwNxWomQIm2bZPGzzcDrhJrZ-KbpSSRbHkrHTR1y8Rul7LDNRDIAwjqK6LP8CsBwA/s1600/unnamed+%252824%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="711" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBZ74mQlWjS_mzgaQaf-1jpugX8BeLPTg84i5uYuB5mOZp33Xwe37msHCJac8ClPBNEaoC6IjTyLwNxWomQIm2bZPGzzcDrhJrZ-KbpSSRbHkrHTR1y8Rul7LDNRDIAwjqK6LP8CsBwA/s1600/unnamed+%252824%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://globalnews.ca/news/7110357/homelessness-covid-19-study/<br />
<br />
https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/06/25/covid-19-increases-risk-for-canadas-invisible-homeless-women-study-shows.html<br />
<br />
WUNRN<br />
<br />
http://www.wunrn.comHortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-12274436932608094762020-08-01T00:00:00.000+02:002020-08-01T00:00:01.356+02:00Russia - Journalist Prokopyeva Wins Press Freedom Award after Conviction for 'Justifying Terrorism'<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ2vHAc4h8h8xbSpTXbT44SYhlz7_6SuEJbPSuQeh3T3EG1C86hyphenhyphena_nZPxX9octaWZnEztWOloMmzVe26ZdI8uLMeSWoHYrn5_havyNhRWHBg9lQgVaFXQiBxCt1lm7eUb3ghVsEFn4X0/s1600/unnamed+%252823%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ2vHAc4h8h8xbSpTXbT44SYhlz7_6SuEJbPSuQeh3T3EG1C86hyphenhyphena_nZPxX9octaWZnEztWOloMmzVe26ZdI8uLMeSWoHYrn5_havyNhRWHBg9lQgVaFXQiBxCt1lm7eUb3ghVsEFn4X0/s1600/unnamed+%252823%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://cpj.org/awards/svetlana-prokopyeva-russia/&source=gmail&ust=1595196904002000&usg=AFQjCNFI0mgzqLcnzqbBwdFAVOMnvIsztw" href="https://cpj.org/awards/svetlana-prokopyeva-russia/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://cpj.org/awards/<wbr></wbr>svetlana-prokopyeva-russia/</span></a><u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.rferl.org/a/prokopyeva-press-freedom-award/30724902.html?ltflags%3Dmailer&source=gmail&ust=1595196904002000&usg=AFQjCNH9PGDjsBI7Vwj3g_2tzu5JXbW9rA" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/prokopyeva-press-freedom-award/30724902.html?ltflags=mailer" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.rferl.org/a/<wbr></wbr>prokopyeva-press-freedom-<wbr></wbr>award/30724902.html?ltflags=<wbr></wbr>mailer</span></a><u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
WUNRN<u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.wunrn.com/&source=gmail&ust=1595196904002000&usg=AFQjCNFmLRRViV7idABsRQXVw2U0GbAhgA" href="http://www.wunrn.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.wunrn.com</a></div>
Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2600570218152815383.post-90913970563029878932020-07-30T16:25:00.000+02:002020-07-30T16:25:05.877+02:00How Data Can Stop Women from Going Hungry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXI8QD6DKmqoAX-zXP68N0VcS19lqkFGklom-k9nyDkbDUm79ysQeBYwfkCPssINT9KAwJeGCtvCc48aU63ceujx_RxQe81a6L60JWa8u9WLa1Cv-x1oa_EA7SSyxH2rArKQkP28sx3A/s1600/unnamed+%252819%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXI8QD6DKmqoAX-zXP68N0VcS19lqkFGklom-k9nyDkbDUm79ysQeBYwfkCPssINT9KAwJeGCtvCc48aU63ceujx_RxQe81a6L60JWa8u9WLa1Cv-x1oa_EA7SSyxH2rArKQkP28sx3A/s1600/unnamed+%252819%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
WUNRN<u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.wunrn.com/&source=gmail&ust=1595167617485000&usg=AFQjCNFuBFp-omAlTD3gUZtcKHwT0P6z-Q" href="http://www.wunrn.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.wunrn.com</a><u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.devex.com/news/q-a-how-data-can-stop-women-from-going-hungry-97674?utm_medium%3Dimage%26utm_source%3Dlanding_page%26utm_campaign%3Dcs_genderdata&source=gmail&ust=1595167617485000&usg=AFQjCNEXCYtTXszruhMmwTyChHFZenuQag" href="https://www.devex.com/news/q-a-how-data-can-stop-women-from-going-hungry-97674?utm_medium=image&utm_source=landing_page&utm_campaign=cs_genderdata" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.devex.com/news/q-<wbr></wbr>a-how-data-can-stop-women-<wbr></wbr>from-going-hungry-97674?utm_<wbr></wbr>medium=image&utm_source=<wbr></wbr>landing_page&utm_campaign=cs_<wbr></wbr>genderdata</span></a><u></u><u></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
Hortensia Hernándezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16377743246265805600noreply@blogger.com0